IP Cameras Technology Made Easy

Door Access Control Review

2012-01-27T13:08:00.001-05:00

Door access control systems have been around for many years. The early units used centralized control panels with simple card readers at the doors. To install these systems the readers were wired to a controller and then back to a central control panel. They also required power to be wired to each of the locks usually from a separate control panel.

Over the years more intelligent devices were developed, and now most of the intelligence is located at the reader near the door. The latest IP door readers make use of the Ethernet PoE network and are very easy to install. This article reviews the pros and cons of both systems and compares the cost of installation.

We have used a 6 reader system as an example. Let’s start with the cost comparison. First we looked at the older centralized system with control panel. I’m leaving out the cost for door locks, sensors and Rex buttons because it’s the same in both cases.

Centralized System

Equipment Cost
Cost for the Equipment consists of the readers and the central box with power supply.
Each door requires a door controller and a prox card reader.
6 - Door controllers = $510 x 6 = $3060
6 - Prox readers = 194 x 6 = $1164

The central control box and power supply is required:
1- Site Controller $568
1- Software $768 (This can be a lot higher depending on company)
1- Power supply $495
Total $1831

Grand Total for equipment and software - $ 10,985

Wiring

Traditional 18-2 or composite wiring from the panel to the reader can range from $0.90 to $1.30 per foot. Assuming the 6 readers average 50 feet from the panel at minimum wiring cost will be $270

Installation
Installation is a variable because it depends on the prep work for mounting panel enclosure, distance from the central box, the type of walls and ceilings, and other physical considerations in the building. It goes without saying that multi-building installation adds to the complexity. We used the labor costs at one installation which required about 5 days at about $1000 per day = $5000

Total cost for the system is $16,255.00

IP Reader System
The new all-in-one Isonas door access reader-controller connects right to the network and doesn’t use a central control box. The credential database is entered into a computer running Crystal Matrix software. All this information is downloaded to each of the readers so even if the network goes down, the reader can still control entry.

Equipment cost
Door access control reader-controller $700 x 6 = $4200
Software is free unless you need web based control = $500
8 port network switch with PoE support = $200
Total equipment is $4900

Wiring

Cat 5/6 wiring from the network switch to the reader-controller is about 0.30 per foot. Assuming the 6 doors average 50 feet from the network switch the wiring cost will be $90.00

Installation
Labor cost is again somewhat variable but since there are fewer devices to configure and install at the door physical installation is simplified. As for electrical work, since wiring of the reader-controller to the door strike is contained at the door and PoE supplies power to the lock, we have cut out the need for wiring back to one central point. Thus labor costs are much less. Typically an install requires ½ the time and resources to install so 3 days at $1000 per day is $3000 for labor.

The total system cost is then $7,990.

Summary

Classic System
The classic system has been around for many years so there are many experienced licensed electricians available

IP Reader System
Since the new IP systems use computer networks, a new breed of installers with network and computer expertise is required. The good news is that this can be an in-house self-installation for many organizations that have an IT staff. They have been running the network wire to computers so they have no problem connecting to the same RJ45 connections that are used by computers. The only things they may need help with are installation of the electric locks. In this case they can bring in locksmiths who are familiar with these types of locks. The locksmith installs the electric lock and wires to the pigtail of the reader.

Integration with other systems
Since the IP access control uses the network it's very easy to integrate into an IP camera system. By connecting Intercoms to the IP camera, a remote person can manually release the door. The audio connections go through the camera and find their way back to the safety station that's running Video Management Software. When the call button is pushed on the intercom the safety station is notified by an alarm sound, and the safety officer can see and talk to the person at the door. They can then unlock the door by pushing a button on their computer screen.

Deployment across a Campus
IP systems have another major advantage. They can be deployed anywhere you have a network connection, so if you have multiple buildings connected over a LAN or WAN the IP system can make use of this network and easily communicate to the central control software on a computer in one of the buildings.

Conclusion
Network attached IP door access systems are very easy to install and have excellent flexibility. They can be located across the campus or across the city as long as you have a network connection.

If you need help defining your door access control system, please contact us at 1-800-431-1658 (in the USA) or + 914-944-3425 or use our contact form.

The Lightning's Thief

2012-01-20T12:08:00.012-05:00

Contributed by Virginia Fair

Once upon a time a major university installed IP cameras throughout its campus in reaction to a wave of violence perpetrated against female students. All went well until a passing thunderstorm brought a lightning strike which just happened to hit an IP camera mounted on the parapet of a dorm. Of course the camera was destroyed, but have you ever heard the phrase “greased lightning”? It’s a very descriptive term for within seconds, the surge created by the lightning traveled through the network destroying both the server and the switch, creating havoc right down to the network cards in students’ laptops at the end of the cable runs.

Was there any collateral damage? Only if you count the building’s entire IT backbone, including the surveillance system which went down; in monetary terms, over $100,000. But beyond money, the greater loss was the female students’ sense of security. Without the cameras and network recorders they were left vulnerable until replacements could be secured.

How could this be? Was it possible that no one in the affected building had a surge protector in place? They probably did, but calling a lightning strike a power surge is like calling a tsunami a hot tub. It’s been said that lightning never strikes twice but the university was taking no chances. That’s when they realized the need for specialized surge protection. They could then protect their servers, IP cameras, and networks. But first things first, let’s start with a coup le of definitions

Volt
Voltage is a measure of this difference of potential electrical energy. Just as water flows out of a hose because there’s higher pressure at the faucet than at its other end, electric current flows from place to place due to an imbalance. One end of a wire has greater electric potential energy than the other, so, electric current flows from one end to the other.

Power surge
A surge in power occurs whenever the voltage exceeds the designated level, which in the USA is 120 volts and in Europe 240 volts.

Transient Voltage Surge Protectors
A transient voltage surge protector fits between the AC outlet and the equipment it is protecting. These are available with a single outlet or with a number of outlets like a power strip. There are also surge protectors that protect the network, including some that are designed specifically for IP cameras that use PoE.

Most surge protectors have a component called a metal oxide varistor or MOV which connects the hot power line to the outlet’s grounding wire so it can divert excessive voltage away from the device it is protecting. The MOV consists of three parts: a piece of metal oxide in the middle and two semiconductors. The semiconductors connect the hot power wire to the grounding line. The semiconductors have what is called variable resistance that see-saws in depending on the electric current. If the voltage flows below an optimum level, the semiconductors maintain a high resistance, keeping it in the circuit, if it rises above that level, the semiconductors adjust, drops to a lower resistance that dumps the excessive current to ground. If the voltage is correct, the MOV does nothing at all. Surge protectors such as those from Ditek have two modes of operation. In the first, it dumps power to ground. The second kicks in when the power is very high. It then will sacrifice itself by shorting to ground and burning out like a fuse.

Most transient voltage surges are the result of a boost of electrical charge anywhere in the power lines, increasing the electrical potential energy, which in turn increases the flow of current to your wall outlet. The usual suspects are voracious power hogs like air conditioners, elevators, and refrigerators that gobble up a lot of energy when their compressors and motors cycle on and off. Such brief sudden demands for power can upset the voltage flow in the system. Other surges can be attributed to downed power lines, faulty wiring or utility company’s equipment failures. In today’s world, where electricity flows from power plants through a complicated maze of lines, transformers, and more lines to our home and office walls, the possible points of failure are myriad, and any glitch can cause an uneven power flow. So installing a surge protector isn’t a case of preparing for if it’s preparing for when.

The diagram above shows an example of a network system with IP cameras that is protected by various surge devices. More or less surge protectors can be added depending on the environment. One precautionary warning though, is lightning. We travel a slippery slope when it comes to a lightning strike. A direct lightning hit to the wire or device itself will not only fry them but will take out the surge protector, but lightning that strikes nearby causes a surge that can usually be controlled by a surge protector.

Need help with protecting your equipment? We carry a full line of Ditek Gigabit capable protectors. Models range from theMRJPOE, meant for single inputs and protect power, data, and video on up to The DTK-RM16C5 with a 16 port protected panel which can protect a variety of network gear. Also available are 12 port panels compatible with PoE current requirements, and single protectors to protect up to 8 megapixel IP video.

Call us - before lightning strikes. We can be reached at 800-431-1658, 914-944-3425 (outside the USA) or just use our contact form.

Let the Recorder Beware

2011-12-20T14:51:00.004-05:00

Contributed by Virginia

These premises are under video surveillance.
Convenience stores post this no nonsense warning at their front doors. Banks who display a height chart at their exit door are indirectly issuing the same warning.

This conversation may be recorded for training purposes.
Most if not all companies and utilities issue this warning before connecting a customer to a representative.

Surveillance is a given these days. In most cases the camera warnings are intended to warn the “bad guys”, and the recording notice is for “the rest of us.” The majority of people take these messages as givens and the concept rarely registers. A few however will protest that to record the conversation is unconstitutional and violates their rights under the Fourth Amendment: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

This provision was ratified by Congress and added to the U.S. Constitution on December 15, 1791. Over the years, its scope has been the target of arguments and interpretations in courts high and low all the way up to The Supreme Court. But two hundred and ten years later the events of one day, September 11, 2001 blunted resistance to surveillance literally over night.

It’s hard to venture out in 2011 without your presence being documented on someone’s surveillance tape. Airports, parking garages, parking lots, building lobbies and elevators, stores of every kind, hospitals, parks, you name it, cameras are in use. Washington DC, among other locales, is in the midst of creating a city wide surveillance system, consolidating and integrating more than 5,000 cameras already deployed independently by multiple district entities. When completed nearly 5.6 million people will be monitored daily.

The post-9/11 era has provided fertile ground for the development of more sophisticated, more affordable systems. The sales of IP video surveillance systems are on the rise. IMS Research reports that 2010 sales grew by 10% over the previous year with the market for IP Cameras growing almost three times as fast as the total surveillance market.

Yet let us not forget that while this shift in our sensitivity has been cultural, it has not been legal. One question needs to be asked. In our heightened vigilance against terrorism and crime, are we undermining privacy rights? Are we out and out breaking the law? Systems integrators need to stop and think about this as well.

Audio recordings fall under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986. The ECPA is an amendment to Title lll of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (the Wiretap Act) extending restrictions on wiretaps beyond phone calls to include electronic data transmissions. As written, it protects wire, oral, and electronic communications as they are being made, are in transit, or when they are stored on computers. It applies to email, telephone conversations, and data stored electronically.
So how does this apply in the real world? As mentioned before, in most municipalities, if you leave your house you’re going to end up on a video recording somewhere, and that’s that. But any conversation you may be having is still considered private. For the most part, business owners are okay if they display camera warning signs but the same is not true when it comes to audio recording. They can videotape all they want, but they are on thin ice when it comes to audio recording. Federal law permits very few exceptions to the rule. This brings up the question of that taping warning you hear while on hold awaiting customer service. What of it?

State laws cover the recordings of telephone conversations and this is where it becomes complicated. Each state has its own particular wording but it boils down to the need for one party or two party consent. One party consent requires the recording party to inform the other party that she is being recorded. Two party consent goes one step further and requires the recorded party to give consent. Under ether law if a person stays on the line it is implied consent. Thirty eight states and the District of Columbia are one party states while twelve states, California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Washington require both parties to consent.

Audio capability is not a problem if it is not being recorded; for example when a video camera is being used to monitor entrance to a facility. In this scenario an intercom with a call button is located at an electronically locked door. Both the button and the intercom are connected to an IP camera. In most cases the audio is not recorded. You can use a standard web browser (like Internet Explorer) to view and talk to the person at the door or you can use Video Management Software that supports two-way audio. For example, ONSSI offers Ocularis software tying this all together, displaying the video, (recording it if required) as well as allowing the person at the computer to talk to the person at the door. When the button is pushed a signal on a dedicated computer sounds and the video from the entrance camera is displayed on its monitor. After conferring with the visitor via the intercom, the security officer if he so wishes, pushes a release button that unlocks the door.

However the issue is so complex that many manufacturers are loath to even offer audio recording capability. End-users are wise to remember that if they record audio there is the possibility that they may face legal issues and integrators should keep in mind they may be implicated as well. Seeking legal advice beforehand might be a wise precaution.

If you need help with a system that includes audio, just contact us and we will help you define the right system. We can be reached at 914-944-3425 or 1-800-431-1658 (in the USA), or use our contact form.

No Drive Thru Window at Kintronics

2011-11-30T15:23:00.007-05:00

Everyone is familiar with the drive thru window, even if they’ve never frequented one. We’ve all seen the lines of cars, inching forward one at a time toward the intercom at the side of the building, be it MacDonalds, KFC, Taco Bell, etc. A brightly lit menu displays the variations and prices of the tacos, burgers, or fried chicken, but for the most part, drivers and riders already know what they want, and are ready to place their orders as soon as they hear the voice bark from the speaker order please!

Sounds simple right? Place order, drive round to window, hand off money, receive bag of food, drive home or to the park and enjoy your meal. This is true most of the time, but sometimes things don’t quite line up right, like when a Big Mac devotee tears into his bag, flips open the styrofoam box and finds…. a fish sandwich. This is exactly what we strive to avoid at Kintronics. That’s why we ask so many questions.

How wide an area do you want to view? How far away is the viewing area? This determines the best lens to use.

If you’re looking for an IP camera system, we want to make sure we specify the right camera. We don’t want you to open the box and get any unpleasant surprises. That’s why we ask

What is the lighting at night? This determines the low light sensitivity required and whether we should suggest lighting.
Are the cameras to be used indoors or outdoors? This determines whether we should suggest day/night cameras and enclosures.
What is the environment – salt air, etc? This determines if you need special enclosures IP66.How cold and hot does it get? This determines if a heater and blower is required.Are you watching people gambling, walking, moving cars? How fast are they moving? This determines the frame rate required.
How many cameras do you need? This determines what software, computer and storage is required.

Maybe you’re in the market for an access control system? In that case, be prepared to let us know

How many doors do you want to control?
Indoor or outdoor?
What type of lock do you need
How many people will control the credentials and access
What type of credential do you prefer – HID or Isonas?

If you’re looking for paging or PA over IP we need to determine the correct sound level output (decibel [dB]), the number and type of speakers, consoles, amplifiers, and transformers , and whether power supplies or PoE is best. So be prepared for

In how many areas do you want sound?
What is the background noise level?
Indoors or outdoors?
How large is each of the areas?
What type of ceilings do you have – solid drop, etc.?

Like a Big Mac, some systems may fit many customers needs, but that doesn’t mean this is a one solution fits all world. So when you call, make sure we know your objectives and feel free to send us pictures, diagrams, even maps. This way we can perform an engineering analysis and ensure you get what you expect. At the heart of it, Kintronics is an engineering company, providing engineering specific and complete system solutions for each application.

If you need some engineering assistance please contact us. We can be reached at 914-944-3425 or 1-800-431-1658 (in the USA), or use our contact form.

New Cameras from IQinvision

2011-11-15T13:56:00.007-05:00

IQinVision has released its newest version of the popular Sentinel HD Megapixel line of IP cameras. Like the line it is replacing the full featured all-weather outdoor camera comes in four models offering the user a choice of resolutions

The IQ861NE with 1.0 megapixel /HD720p (1280Px720p)
IQ862NE - 2.0MP/HD1080p (1920x1080)
IQ863NE 3.6MP(2560x1440)
IQ865NE 5.0MP (2592x1944)

The Sentinel makes installing easier. Using the One-Touch-Focus feature, fine focus adjustments can be made from a remote computer, eliminating the need for manual focusing at the camera. With its Ethernet terminal punch-down there is no need to terminate with an RJ45 connector. And although it is a simple feature, installers will appreciate the steel camera hangers that allow the use of both hands.

The new Sentinel cameras provide multiple, individually configured H.264 and simultaneous MJPEG streams. The H.264 standard builds on earlier standards such as MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 resulting in better compression performance. Compared with MPEG-4, H.264 gives a better quality image at the same compressed bitrate. In addition to its superior compression performance, H.264 offers added flexibility over MPEG-4 in terms of transmission or storage, including a packetized format and features that help minimize the effect of transmission errors.

The Sentinel can be considered green in that it has a power consumption of less than 7 watts, which is lower than many similar cameras. It can also operate using Power-over-Ethernet. In addition to the aforementioned features, all four models come with

Day/night moveable IR filter
Lightgrabber low light feature
IP66/NEMA 4 outdoor enclosure
Choice of telephoto, wide, or ultra-wide lens

All this plus IQinVisons standard three year warranty make any of the Sentinel cameras a wise choice. Contact Kintronics for pricing and availability. We can be reached at 914-944-3425 or use our contact form.

As Seen on TV

2011-11-07T10:58:00.004-05:00

On Monday October 3, we all came to work here at Kintronics with the same question for each other. “Did you hear about Parkchester?” Why? Because one of the lead-in stories carried on the local news broadcast the previous morning had been “Brutal attack captured on video leads to arrest of suspect in Parkchester.”You might ask, what is Parkchester? And why is Kintronics so interested?

What is Parkchester?
Parkchester is a 129 acre condominium complex in the Bronx. It was developed and built by Metropolitan Life Insurance in 1939 as a self-contained apartment complex for middle class families. Family was the key word and concept and was paramount in its design. In 1972 a conversion to condominiums began with the creation of Parkchester North Condominium with 3,900 units. The process was completed in 1986 with the final 8,286 units that comprise Parkchester South. Walking along its winding sidewalks amidst shrubbery and occasional statuary is a delight, but driving through Parkchester is a nightmare. But this is the way it was meant to be.

To minimize traffic there are only two through streets, Union port Road, running from the northwest corner to the southeast, and Metropolitan Avenue, from southwest to northeast. They form an X, crossing at Metropolitan oval a landscaped seating plaza with pool of fountains in the very center All cars are required to navigate the roundabout that encircles it, effectively keeping the speed low. Met Life built these roads, as well as the sewers, water mains, and islands lining them, and when construction was completed to its satisfaction, deeded them all to New York City.

There are no real side streets in the sense of actually going anywhere. All offshoots of the main two roads are dead ends, provided solely for the purpose of deliveries and residents’ parking. In keeping with the desire to keep this a family -comfortable community, 52.5% of the 129 acres is given over to landscaping and recreation; of the remainder, 22% comprise streets, and 27.5% is occupied by buildings.

There are 171 buildings scattered throughout, in fifty one clusters, ranging in height from seven to thirteen stories. These buildings house 12,271 apartments. As if that didn’t constitute a city in itself, there are also one hundred shopping and commercial spaces. Residents can walk to two supermarkets, several pizzerias, bakeries, and delis, two banks, numerous clothing stores, two drug stores, cleaners, a movie theater and doctors and dentists of all specialties. Parkchester even has its own Macy’s! So now that you know what Parkchester is……

Why is Kintronics so interested?
Naturally we were appalled and sorry that the attack on an elderly man had occurred, but glad we could have had a part, no matter how miniscule, in the apprehension of the attacker. For You see, the police identified the perpetrator thanks to video captured by an Axis 207 IP cameras mounted in the front lobby of a building on Unionport Road and saved on a computer system using ONSSI software.

Kintronics provided consulting services to Parkchester South and its 116 buildings. We helped make sure we understood their objectives and helped determine which cameras were best for each location resulting in the installation of hundreds of IP cameras in building lobbies, outdoor spaces, and special areas requiring increased surveillance.

Security surveillance is not limited only to the grounds. Within the buildings elevators are being fitted with an alarm notification system consisting of alarms, two way intercoms to the safety officer’s station and cameras to allow the officers to evaluate the situation and react appropriately. The project is scheduled to be completed in Spring 2012

In many ways, the world has become a much scarier place than it was in 1939 but with the help of the comprehensive security system Parkchester is installing it can continue to be a place that offers a serene setting for its third generation of families.

To learn more about how to provide security and surveillance using IP Cameras, conact us at 914-944-3425 or use our contact form.

Review and Comparison of IP Cameras

2011-07-28T15:59:00.003-05:00

Megapixel IP cameras are becoming much more popular in surveillance applications, and many manufacturers have introduced new megapixel cameras. These megapixel cameras are being offered at prices that are not much more than the older VGA cameras. This camera review compares the latest megapixel dome IP Cameras from Axis, IQinvision and Ganz (division of CBC). Cameras range in price from about $659 to over $1100. One thing we always say, you get what you pay for, so understand that there are product performance and reliability differences. Take a look at our previous article; High Resolution Megapixel Cameras are Not all the Same which describes the differences in cameras.

Axis was one of the first companies to introduce IP Cameras and has recently moved into the megapixel market. IQinvision was one of the first companies to introduce megapixel cameras and have the most experience in this technology. The new megapixel cameras from CBC, Ganz are the latest entries from a company that is well known for their high performance lenses. We compared the Axis P3344VE-12mm version, IQinvision IQM31NE and the new PixelIPro ZN-DT1MA from Ganz. The review compares some key specifications, and provides a comparison of the video quality based on the tests we did.

All the cameras have vandal resistant outdoor housing with IP-66 rating. They are all day/night type cameras and can be used indoors or outdoors, provide about the same resolution, are powered using PoE and have 2-way audio capability. They have frame rates up to 30 fps, support H.264 as well as MJPEG compression, and have input and output I/O connections. Even though these cameras appear to be alike, they have distinct features and pricing that makes each one suitable for specific applications. Be careful when selecting a camera that has two-way audio or even alarm input and output connections. The camera may have the function but the IP NVR (or VMS) software may not support these functions.

Here is a summary of the features and benefits of each camera:

Axis P3344VE
Manufacturer’s Suggested Price: $1099
The P3344VE is one of a series of IP dome cameras. The series includes cameras with resolution from 800 x 600 pixels to 1920 x 1080 (3 MP). The specific model reviewed has a resolution of 1280 x 800. It is available with either a 2.5 – 6 mm or 3.3 - 12 mm lens remote controlled zoom P-Iris lens.

Important Features:

- Operating temperature range: -40 °C to 55 °C (-40 °F to 131 °F)
· Viewing angles using the 3.3 – 12 mm lens*, 70°-20° view (horizontal viewing angle), F1.6, DC-iris
· Uses a remote-zoom, focus lens
· Low light sensitivity: Color: 0.4 lux, F1.6, B/W: 0.06 lux, F1.6

Overview
This camera is supported by most of the IP NVR software systems, and has excellent reliability, and picture quality. This is the most expensive camera of the group reviewed, but provides the better features and functions. It includes a very nice remote zoom and auto-focus lens that makes it much easier to set up. The P-iris lens provides improved depth of field.

IQM31NE-B5
Price $699
The IQM31NE camera is part of a series of IP cameras that range in resolution of 720 x 480, 1280 x 720 and 1920 x 1080 resolution. We reviewed the model with 1280 x 720 resolution.

Important Features:
· Operating temperature range: -20 °C to 50 °C (-4 °F to 122 °F)
· Viewing angles using the 3.3 – 12 mm lens, 76°-27° view.
· Low light sensitivity: Color: 0.2 lux, F1.6, B/W: 0.05 lux, F1.6

Overview
This is an economical camera with great performance. It provides the best low light performance. This camera does not have the remote zoom and auto-focus lens making it more difficult to set up. It is a good camera for indoor and outdoor applications where you have low light conditions.

ZN-DT1MA
Price $659
The ZN-DT1MA is one of a series of IP dome cameras from Ganz (CBC). The series includes cameras with resolution of 800 x 600 pixels, 1280 x 720 and 1920 x 1080. The specific model reviewed has a resolution of 1280 x 720. It is available with 3.3 – 12 mm remote controlled zoom P-Iris lens.

Important Features:
· Operating temperature range: 0ºF ~ 122ºF (-18ºC ~ 50ºC) when using PoE. · With the optional heater the low temperature is better: -20ºF ~ 122ºF (-29ºC ~ 50ºC).
· Viewing angles using the 3.3 – 12 mm lens*, 89.8° ~ 23.9° view (horizontal viewing angle), F1.6, DC-iris
· Uses a remote-zoom, focus lens
· Low light sensitivity: Color: 1 lux, B/W: 0.15 lux (Slow Shutter ON)

Overview
The low light performance is not as good as the other cameras, but it is the least expensive of the group reviewed. It has the widest angle lens (89.8 degrees) of the group. The camera uses the p-iris type lens and has a very nice remote zoom and auto-focus lens that makes it easier to install and set up. It is an excellent camera for indoor and outdoor applications where you have adequate lighting.

	Product Comparison Chart

Specifications	Axis P3344VE-12mm	IQM31NE-B5	ZN-DT1MA
Market Pricing	$1099	$699	$659
Maximum Resolution	1280x800	1280 x 720	1280 x 720
Lens	3.3-12 mm, 20°-70° Horizontal	3 - 13 mm, 27° - 76° horizontal	3.3-12mm, 23.9° - 89.8°
Lens Type	P-Iris, Varifocal with remote zoom and focus, IR corrected, megapixel	Manual Iris	P-Iris, Varifocal with remote zoom and focus, IR corrected, megapixel
Low Light Sensitivity	Color: 0.4 lux, F1.6, B/W: 0.06 lux, F1.6	Color: 0.2 lux, B/W: <0.05 lux, F1.4	Color: 1.0 lux, B/W: 0.15 lux (Slow Shutter ON)
Enclosure Type	Vandal Resistant, outdoor IP-66	Vandal Resistant, outdoor IP-66	Vandal Resistant, Outdoor IP-66
Compression	H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10/AVC) and Motion JPEG	H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10/AVC) and Motion JPEG	H.264, MJPEG - 2nd stream only
Audio	2-WAY	2-WAY	2-WAY
Connections	Terminal block for 1 alarm input and 1 output, 3.5 mm mic/line in, 3.5 mm line out	Terminal block for 1 alarm input and 1 output, 3.5 mm mic/line in, 3.5 mm line out	Alarm In x1, Alarm Out x1, Audio In x1
Size, Height × Diameter (mm)	119 x 178	97.3 x 150.0	116.3mm (H) x 145mm Ø
Power	Class 3	Class 1, <3.8W using PoE	Triple Power12VDC 1A / 24VAC (50Hz/60Hz) 500mA PoE Class 2 (IEEE 802.3af compliant)
Operating Conditions	Temp: -40 °C to 55 °C, (-40 °F to 131 °F), humidity 15 - 100% RH (condensing)	-20˚ to +50˚ C	Temp: -18ºC ~ +50ºC (0ºF ~ 122ºF ), -29ºC ~ 50ºC (-20ºF ~ 122ºF ) with optional heater

Camera Tests

We tested the three cameras to see how the key specifications matched the actual performance. We tested the cameras by viewing a test pattern and by viewing a rather difficult real world view. Here is what we found:

Setting them up
The Axis and PixelPro cameras both have remote zoom and focus lenses, making them the easiest to set up. You simply push the focus button and the camera automatically provides the best focus. I had some issue focusing the PixelPro camera. I needed to move the focus to the right range and then it did the focusing automatically. The IQ camera has a manual zoom and focus. It wasn’t too difficult to set it up, but of course, you need to be at the camera to do the adjustments. I didn’t make any changes to the other video settings, and all the cameras provided a good image without any adjustments. The IQ camera has some advanced adjustments that allow you to maximize the picture for day and nighttime viewing.

Test Pattern
We used the following test pattern. We looked at the converging lines on the test pattern. As the lines get closer together we looked for the point at which we couldn’t see the difference between the black and white spacing between lines. This allowed us to determine the maximum resolution from each of the cameras.

We looked at the pattern in the full size view and then we digitally zoomed in. It is hard to tell from the pictures we provided below, but all the cameras provided about the same resolution capability.
Here are some examples of the resulting views:

The IQinvision IQM31NE-B5 camera performed very well. Take a look at the following test chart:

We also zoomed in digitally to see the important features. All cameras did quite well. The PixelPro camera provides a nice feature that shows where you are in the full picture in a small pop up window.

PixelPro Enlarged Test Chart

Real World View
The second test was more demanding. We set up the cameras to view a mixed view in the foreground with a bright window in the background. This tested the color quality and the dynamic range of the camera. It also tested the depth of field.

Axis Window View

IQ Window

PixelPro Window

In this test the Axis camera was best at viewing both the foreground and background. It provided excellent depth of field. The image was slightly yellow, when compared to the other cameras. Note that the truck has a yellowish tint. It is actually white.

Summary:
All the cameras tested provided excellent resolution when tested with the test pattern. The Axis camera was best at providing dynamic range and depth of field. The IQ camera provided a reasonable image of the window area, while the PixelPro camera provided slightly less dynamic range.

So what is the best camera for the job? It really depends on what you are looking at. The Axis is best when you need to view areas that have a very wide range of lighting. For example it is the best camera for viewing people against windows or glass doors. The PixelPro is a good choice for outdoor and indoor areas and where you would like to save time during installation and have good lighting. The IQ camera is an economical camera yet excellent for situations where you need very good low light sensitivity.

If you would like to learn more about these cameras or need help selecting the right one for your application, please contact us. We can be reached at +1-914-944-3425 or just use our contact form.

Case Study of Emergency Notification System for a University

2011-04-29T10:47:00.001-05:00

Introduction
RUniversity is a small private liberal arts university in the Midwest with approximately 2,500 undergraduate students and 500 graduate students. The university has four colleges/schools: the college of arts & sciences, the school of management, the school of graduate and professional studies, and the research college of nursing.

The university upgraded their network over the past three years. They improved the reliability of networks and upgraded their Internet speed. They have also added additional services for redundancy and increased efficiency for all users by replacing old Internet routers and traffic management equipment. This is but a short list of some of the network upgrades that the Computer Services department at R University has been engaged in.

Recently R University approached Kintronics requesting assistance in a new project. The goal of the project was to provide a complete paging system to notify students of emergency situations. A special committee of faculty and staff were tasked with finding a solution that would not only notify students of emergency situations, but also exploit the existing network infrastructure. By using the existing infrastructure they were able to deploy the systems quickly and reduce the labor costs. Since the PA over IP system is treated like any other network with a set of peripheral devices, the in-house IT staff could install and operate the system. This eliminated the need to hire independent installers to install cables and other devices throughout the buildings. Kintronics provided a solution that met their criteria. In what follows is a description of the methodology that we used to develop a system unique to their needs.

Methodology

Clarifying the Objectives:
Our first task was to clarify exactly what the school wanted to accomplish. Did they want the faculty and students to hear the announcement in the halls, in the classrooms, dorm rooms, outdoor areas, etc? This allowed us to determine where the people (the “ears”) would be. They clarified the need for hearing the announcements mostly in the hallways and common areas and in some outdoor areas as well.

The university has approximately 24 buildings situated on approximately 52 acres. Each building varies in size and shape, and total square footage. Given this information we devised a means to determine exactly where the speakers should be placed, so as to ensure that everyone in the target areas would be able to hear the emergency announcements clearly.

Determining where the Speakers would be Located

We started at the location of the “ears”, and determined what the minimum Sound Pressure Level (SPL) was required to be heard over the background noise in each area. Working back from the “ears" we can then determine how far away speakers are from the people based on the sound level output from various types of speakers.

Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Also, probably more important than either of the aforementioned, is the relationship between the actual Sound Pressure Level and what we perceive as sound. For instance a Sound Pressure Level of 85 decibels would be equivalent to an average amount of traffic on a busy street. Theoretically the sound pressure level associated with a particular sound is based on the geometry of the object producing the sound, and the objects surrounding, or nearby the sound-producing source. As an example consider the objects surrounding the sound-producing source. Let’s say for instance that the point source is a speaker.
Figure 1

Figure 1 depicts a single speaker that radiates sound in all directions. There are no objects in its path to impede the sound from traveling in all directions. The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is measured with a sound level meter (Figure 2).

Figure 2

In practice a sound level meter is used to determine the precise sound pressure level at a certain distance. To make things easier, all speaker manufacturers provide the SPL at 1 M away from the source, and at 1 Watt power. They sometimes will also provide the sound output at full power input. As an example consider the specifications for the PH10T speaker. It has a SPL of 112 dB at a 1-meter distance, with a full input power rating of 10 WATTS.

We can use a complex formula or use an easier simplified method to determine how much sound is available as we are further away from the speaker. In the article “How Loud is Loud?” an outline of the basic equations for measuring sound pressure levels and determining the relationship between the decrease in sound as a function of distance that the individual is away from the speaker were reviewed. The simplified method says that we lose 6dB of sound each time we double the distance away from the speaker. So at 2 M the sound goes down to 106dB, at 4 M it is at 100 dB, and at 8 M it’s about 94dB. At 10 M we estimate that the sound level is approximately 92 dB. Ten meters is equivalent to approximately 30 feet.

92 dB corresponds to the sound that a diesel truck or motor cycle (loud one) makes. In the results section, we provide a real world example using a set of requirements from a recent client of ours.

Results

The information above can be used to determine approximately where the speakers should be placed for a specific SPL. The objective was to make sure that everyone heard the message. Here’s how we used the information in the previous section to determine near optimal placement of the speakers on one floor of R University’s all-purpose building. Consider Figures 3.

Figure 3

This is the basement floor of the all-purpose building. This floor has an approximate area of 25,000 square feet. Using the floor plan we developed a simple relationship between the drawing measurements and the actual building measurements (i.e. scale). Once the scale was determined, we were able to mark off on the drawing where each speaker should be placed based on the speaker specifications. The details have been omitted for brevity.

Our client determined that each floor should be covered with a SPL of 90-95 dB or greater. For Figure 3 the speakers were placed based on the aforementioned SPL requirement. The speaker that most closely matched our client’s requirements was a PH20T. Each speaker covers an area of approximately 75 feet with an SPL of 90 dB or greater. The orientation of each speaker is largely dependent on the radiation pattern as shown below in Figure 4.

Figure 4

Figure 4, is similar in nature to Figure 1. It demonstrates how far the sound produced by a speaker will reach in all directions. Just like in Figure 1 the speaker is located in the middle of the circle, but it is not shown in this figure, and the dashed line indicates the radiation pattern for the PH20T. It is clear that the radiation pattern resembles a ripple in a pond when a solid object is thrown into the center of it (i.e. omnidirectional). Looking at the radiation patterns we can see that the entire floor is covered with a SPL of at least 90 dB, which coincides with the requirements of our clients. The areas that are not covered have little or no traffic.

We selected the IP7-SS20 amplifier to drive each of the speakers. This amplifier provides an output of up to 20 watts, which is more than enough to achieve the sound level required. Since they connect directly to the network, it was very easy to install. Special software called Talkmaster-EE was installed on two computers (with microphones) that can be used to make announcements. This provided a complete emergency announcement system that used the existing network infrastructure for connecting the amplifiers (with speakers) to the central office. For more details about this system take a look at our article Paging over IP.

Conclusion

R University is one of many clients that we have helped in determining speaker requirements and speaker locations within each building. At Kintronics we use an analytical approach to problem solving. Each solution that we develop for our clients is based on the information that they provide us with. We do not add components superfluously to a client’s system. We pride ourselves on the ability to translate client requirements into system requirements, and make the necessary recommendations. It is our job and responsibility to ensure that the: lives, property, valuables, etc. that our client’s have entrusted us to protect, are safe at all times. We provide the correct solution the first time and provide a very thorough explanation to our clients about the system design.

If you require assistance with translating: ideas or security requirements into system requirements, please contact us at 1-800-431-1658 or 914-944-3425 or use our contact form.

Determining Objectives for IP Cameras

2011-03-23T12:03:00.002-05:00

Determine what you want to accomplish
Before purchasing an IP Camera system you should make sure you know what your objectives are. What do you want to accomplish? For example, do you want to catch the criminal, improve productivity, reduce liability, manage a remote office, validate an alarm, or view animals in the wild? Do you want the people to know that you are viewing them or do you want to catch them unawares? Sometimes you may have different objectives for different areas. For example, you may have one objective for cameras viewing the parking lot and other requirements for ones that you place at the doorway. Once you know more about your objectives you can then select the right camera for the job. Here are some guidelines for setting the objectives for your surveillance IP Cameras.
Resolution Required Before we look at applications, let’s first understand how your objectives determine the quality of the video you will need. The surveillance industry defines three different objectives: detection, recognition and identification.

Detection	Recognition	Identification
Detection is just being able to see that a person is there. For example, you are able to differentiate between a person and a horse. This requires the least amount of detail. Axis and other manufacturers have done some evaluation of this and they estimate you need about 5 to 6 pixels/foot to detect a person. Recognition and Identification: It’s easier to identify someone you know, than identifying someone you don’t know from a picture. You can identify a person you know even though you may only see a partial face because you can use many other identifying characteristics such as clothing, body build, etc. If you need to identify an unknown person from a picture you will need more details. It has been estimated by IQinvision and others that you will need about 40 pixels/ft to recognize someone you know, while you will require over 70 - 80 pixels/ft to identify a person you don’t know. All these definitions also assume you are using a camera that provides good performance in many different conditions. Take a look at our previous article for more about the complete specifications of an IP camera. For example, it is very important to consider the type of compression you use. MJPEG provides the best resolution. Other compression schemes such as MPEG4 and H.264 are also good, but can reduce the clarity when things are moving. Whatever you do, don’t use an inexpensive camera if you really want to get the job done. Always remember you get what you pay for. The better IP cameras allow you to identify a person in more situations than a cheap camera. Now let’s look at some objectives. Catch the Criminal So you want to find out who’s stealing the wheelbarrows? In this application you first have to decide if you’re trying to find an employee stealing (someone you know) or trying to catch the crook that breaks into your store. As mentioned above, you will require a different resolution and camera system depending on what you are trying to do. You will need to make sure you have enough pixels/foot to identify the person.

You may want to make the camera visible so that it discourages people from criminal activity, or you may want to catch them unawares. For example the Axis P3344 with a 1280 x 800 resolution is a great vandal resistant dome that can be used to view an area that’s about 32 ft wide. If you need a covert camera, there are a number available, but they are not IP cameras. Instead you will need an analog camera plus a video encoder. Covert cameras are made to look like clocks, sprinklers, desk lamps, smoke detectors and other things. If you want to catch them at night, you may need to add IR illumination. In this case the camera can see what the human eye cannot see. You can select an IP camera such as the Brickcom dome camera which includes a built in IR illuminator. Improve Productivity
Workforce productivity is important to business success. Cameras help to keep people productive and on their best behavior. The cameras can help management monitor and correct work procedures. You probably know the people in the production area and may also know where they should be, so it requires less camera resolution. All you need to see is that a person is at each location, and don’t need to have forensic details. You can use a wide angle lens and view a very large area. In this case you only require about 10 pixels/ft. In this application you can also use a PTZ camera that patrols though many positions. For example the Axis P5534 has high resolution that allows you to view a wide area. You can program it to step through many positions so it can view a very large area.
Reduce Liability Unfortunately there are people who benefit by making false claims against organizations. Cameras can help prevent this type of behavior. Insurance companies are aware of this so they sometimes provide discounts when cameras are installed. It allows them to easily contest erroneous claims. This application requires that you are able to identify the person making the claim. You will also need to decide whether or not you are trying to identify a known or unknown person. The usual assumption is that in the office you will require enough resolution to recognize one of your own people, but require more resolution in the lobby where unknown people are viewed. Since the person could be one of your own employees, and may know where cameras are located, it is a good idea to add some covert cameras. By augmenting the visible cameras with invisible ones, you remove the “off camera” event. The IQ-MX series of cameras provides high resolution so you can view a lobby area and catch everything that’s occurring.
Manage a Remote Office Instead of traveling to your remote sites, you can use IP video cameras to remotely make the visit. In this application you can select IP cameras with two-way audio so you can talk to the people as well as see what’s going on. You probably won’t require very high resolution for this application but you may need to add a microphone and speaker to your remote camera. Note that this is really not the best video conferencing system, since IP systems tend to have delays in transmission. Its primary use is for watching people in remote locations, but using a web browser or NetDVMs software you can have a two-way conversation. Some cameras have a built in microphone and speaker. For example, you can use the Axis M1031-W is a small camera with two-way audio support, built in microphone and speaker to view small conference rooms. If you need to view a larger area, you can use a PTZ type camera with two-way audio like the Axis P5532.
Validate an Alarm
It’s an annoying fact that there are many false alarms from detectors that can be triggered by animals or even the wind blowing a curtain. When you get awakened in the middle of the night it would be great to just go to your computer and look at the store or office to see if anything is going on. Then you can go back to sleep. In this case, you may only need a wide angle view of the area. Of course, if you are also interested in catching the bad person, then you need higher resolution. If you usually have lights on at your facility, you can use a camera such as the IQD40 of if you don’t have lights on at night; you can use a camera with a built-in IR illuminator such as the DDK-1500D.
View Animals in the Wild
We have had a number of requests from people who would like to study or view animals. Sometimes they are in isolated areas and sometimes they are in the local zoo. We still need to ask the question, what do you want to accomplish? If you’re looking at a herd of cows, you need one type of camera, but if you are looking at the small marks on the side of cow, you will need a higher resolution camera system. Things get more complicated when you are out in a remote area. Besides determining the detail required you also need to decide if you want to view animals during the day or at night. You also need to determine how to get power and signal wires to the camera. Since you may need to use solar power system in remote areas, you need a camera that doesn’t use a lot of power. The IQ852 is a good choice since it only requires about 9 Watts of power.
Hope you find all this helpful. If you have a different application and would like some help finding the right IP camera system, just contact us. We can be reached at 1-800-431-1658 (in the USA), or at 914-944-3425 (outside the USA), or just send us a message.

Specifications for IP Cameras

2011-02-20T18:58:00.001-05:00

Before purchasing your IP Cameras, it’s best to understand the specifications. IP Cameras have distinct advantages over the older analog cameras, but it’s not always easy to determine the right camera for each viewing situation. For example IP cameras are available with 640 x 480 (VGA) to 2592 X 1944 (5 megapixel) resolution. You certainly don’t need the 5 megapixel camera to view a doorway, so why pay for this extra performance. By reviewing your requirements and camera specifications you can match the camera to each viewing situation. New specifications have been added to the IP Cameras. Specifications to consider include the lens, resolution, light sensitivity, and dynamic range.

THE LENS:
There are a number of different types of lenses. There are fixed focal length, and variable focal length lenses. There are lenses with manual iris and others with auto-irises. Some lenses must be adjusted at the camera, and some new lenses can be adjusted remotely. Here are more details:

Fixed Focal Point Lens: These lenses view a fixed area and you can’t adjust the zoom. They are available with manual and auto iris control. For example the Axis M1101 is a simple indoor camera with a fixed 4.4 mm wide angle lens. It costs under $170

Variable Focal Length Lens: Also called variable lenses, allow you to adjust the field of view by adjusting the focal length setting. These are better lenses since they allow you to make adjustments so that you are viewing exactly what you want. They are available with manual or auto iris.

Iris Control: The iris can be controlled manually or automatically. While it is true that a smaller iris opening often means sharper images, too small an opening may blur an image due to an optical effect called diffraction. This problem can be seen in bright outdoor situations when a camera closes the iris too much and light is diffracted or spread over many pixels. The smaller each pixel is on an image sensor, the more of a problem diffraction becomes because the diffracted light affects more pixels. This can typically happen in cameras that use an automatic DC-iris lens in combination especially with megapixel sensors that have small pixels. (While a megapixel sensor has more pixels than a standard VGA 640x480 image sensor, the size of each pixel on a megapixel sensor is often smaller than the size of each pixel on a VGA image sensor.)

Manual Iris Lens: These lenses are usually used indoors and allow you to adjust the iris opening.

Auto-Iris Lens: The iris of the lens is adjusted by the camera. The iris opening is adjusted automatically when more or less light is required on the sensor of the camera. They are usually required for outdoor cameras. Some IP Cameras like the ones from IQinvision, do not rely on the iris but rather make all the adjustments electronically. The Axis P3343-VE is an example of an outdoor dome camera with an auto-iris lens. This is a very nice camera since the zoom and focus can also be remotely controlled. You can remotely control the view from your computer. It costs less than $1000.

P-iris lenses: P-Iris is a new type of iris control that is both automatic and precise. It works in conjunction with the camera to improve the quality of the video. Unlike a DC-iris lens, the main task of the P-Iris control is not to continuously adjust the flow of light through the lens. The primary objective of P-Iris is to improve image quality by enabling the optimal iris position to be set so that the central and best-performing part of the lens is used most of the time.

The P-Iris works with the electronics of the IP camera. It not only adjusts the iris, it also adjusts the gain (amplification of the signal level) and exposure time. This allows it to manage slight changes in lighting conditions and to further optimize an image. This allows the optimal iris position to be maintained as long as possible. In situations when the preferred iris position and the camera’s electronic processing capabilities cannot adequately correct the exposure, a P-Iris camera will automatically instruct the iris to move to a different position. In dark conditions, for example, the iris will fully open. In bright situations, a camera with P-Iris is programmed to limit the closing of the iris to a position that avoids diffraction or blurring, as explained earlier. Hence, in all lighting conditions, P-Iris can automatically make adjustments to deliver optimal image quality.

Take a look at the two pictures below. You can see the benefits of the p-lens.

Standard auto-iris

P-Iris Lens

At the moment only Axis and CBC have this new functionality. The Axis P1346 and P1347 are examples of cameras with p-iris lenses.

Megapixel Lens: Megapixel cameras require megapixel lenses. These lenses are much clearer than the standard CCTV analog camera lens. They cost more so if you see two megapixel cameras with the same number of pixels but one cost much less, they are probably using a less expensive (not as good) lens. Take a look at our article on how High-Resolution, Megapixel Cameras are not all Alike.

RESOLUTION
The latest IP cameras have the very nice capability of providing much better resolution than the old analog cameras. You can select cameras with 640 x 480 (VGA) lines to 2592 x 1944 pixels (5 megapixels). The resolution of the camera starts with the sensor, but also includes the lens and quality of the processor and compression used in the camera. Take a look at our article High Resolution Cameras are Not all Alike for more about this.

With a higher resolution you can see a wider view. Take a look at the picture below. It gives you some idea of the different views you can see.

To determine what resolution you need, you first consider how wide an area you would like to view and then what detail you need in that field of view. For example, suppose you want to view a doorway and you want to be able to identify a person’s face that comes in the door. In this case you only require a 640 x 480 resolution camera. On the other hand, suppose you want to be able to identify a license plate number in a parking lot that’s 60 ft wide. In this case you need a lot more pixels, and will require a 5 megapixel camera such as the Axis P1347 or IQ755.

COMPRESSION
There are 3 types of compression used by cameras, MJPEG, MPEG4 and H.264. There is some debate about what the best type of compression.

MJPEG requires the most data, provides a complete picture for each frame. Many people say this provides the best resolution.

MPEG4 reduces the amount of data required by only sending the video that change between frames. It improves the compression when there are small parts of the picture that are changing.

H.264 is a version of MPEG4 and provides the best compression. It adds a number of other compression algorithms that dramatically reduce the amount of data transferred. The chart below gives you some idea about the improvement provided by the different compression schemes.

Most new cameras from Axis, IQinvision, Sony and others now provide this compression scheme. This compression uses a lot of computer resources so some high resolution cameras can only handle lower frame rates. As an example, the Axis P1347 provides 5 megapixel resolution and up to 12 fps when using H.264 compression. It sells for under $1499. For more details about the latest compression take a look at our article.

LOW LIGHT AND AMPLIFICATION:
Camera light sensitivity is measured in lux, which is the amount of light reflected from the object being viewed. The lower the lux number the darker the view. For example, 0.27 lux is the amount of light from a full moon on a clear night, while 500 lux is the light in an office.

The low light performance of a camera is determined by:

· The size and sensitivity of the sensor
· The F-Stop and quality of the lens
· The quality of the video amplifier in the camera
· Day/night capability

Sensor: The larger the sensor the more light hits it, so the higher the light sensitivity.

Quality of the Lens (F-Stop): The F-stop and quality of the lens determines how much light gets through the lens. The smaller the F-number the more light gets in.

Amplifier and signal-to-noise: The quality of the amplifier in the camera determines the video performance when there is low light. As the light level goes down, the amplification increases. The signal-to-noise (S/N) of the amplifier becomes important at the lower light levels. When the light level is too low, electrical noise reduces the quality of the video. The better the amplifiers in the camera the less noise will be seen.

The Image on the left has more amplifier noise than the image on the right.

Day/night cameras can operate in greater range of light levels. When it gets dark the camera automatically removes the IR filter allowing more light to hit the sensor. At night the camera also changes to monochrome mode and improves the total light sensitivity of the system.

Cameras from IQinvision and Axis have good low light performance. For example the Axis P3343 and the IQeye IQ752 can operate in light levels as low as 0.05 lux. This means the cameras can see things even our eyes can’t see.

DYNAMIC RANGE
The dynamic range of a camera is a measure of the minimum and maximum light the camera can see in one frame. Wide dynamic range is helpful when you are looking at a person against a very bright background. Sony has introduced cameras with very wide dynamic range that allows you to see the image on the top.

CONCLUSION
As you can see it’s important to consider many of the camera specifications before selecting a camera. This assures you get the right camera at the right price. The type of lens, iris opening, resolution, compression, and dynamic range all need to be considered.

If you need help selecting the camera or lens, please give us a call at 914-944-3425 or send us a message. We are always there to help you get the right IP camera system.

Special IP Cameras for Special Situations

2010-07-23T14:00:00.002-05:00

When IP cameras were introduced a few years ago there were very few choices. Today there‘s a wide selection from which to choose. They have really replaced the old analog camera systems. Now there are special IP camera systems that are designed for special situations. There are cameras that see in the dark, others that can see over a mile away, systems that are designed for cities, others that can work no matter where they are, and others that are covert and hidden so no one knows they are being recorded. This article reviews some of these specialized IP camera systems.

The Nite Track IP camera is a special PTZ camera that includes an IR illuminator. This system allows you to see in total darkness over 600 ft from the camera. It is a very effective covert camera system because people can’t see the IR illumination at night. The illuminator can be adjusted to see exactly the area you want to see. Take a look at the web page for more details.

If you need a system that can see over a mile away, there’s the special PTZ IP camera system that uses a focused laser IR illuminator. It’s matched with a high performance 60X optical zoom lens that adjusts from 12.5mm to 750 mm or with doubler adjusts from 25 mm to 1500mm. During the day this amazing camera allows you to recognize things that are 19,685 ft away (6,000 M). At night the special laser illuminator reaches out 4,921 ft (1,500M). There’s more on our web page.

When you need a camera system that can watch almost everywhere at once, take a look at the IPDeputyNVR system. This system mounts on a pole and includes up to two cameras. This rugged outdoor surveillance system includes everything you need to establish a vandal resistant neighborhood surveillance system. The system includes choice of cameras and a built in computer with NVR software that provides up to 1 TB of storage. You can select standard IP cameras, megapixel or PTZ cameras. All this is provided in a complete environmental enclosure with power distributor, surge protection, heater/blower and space for additional components. The system communicates with your network by WiFi wireless, direct Internet connection or even 3G/4G cell communication.

What happens when there’s no Internet connection? Well you can use a complete camera system that includes an NVR system all in a covert box. This box also includes battery backup so that it will operate even if someone cuts the power. The system looks like an electrical box. It has room for a number of different cameras that include the IQ752 camera. With this megapixel camera you get enough resolution to identify a person’s face in an area that’s about 48 ft wide. It can see even when there’s very little light, with sensitivity of less than 0.05 lux. The battery backup allows the system to operate for hours without power. The camera has a CF memory card slot so you can add on board storage that can record many hours of video. This complete solution allows you to place a camera in new locations that were historically not available by IP cameras systems.

There are many more special cameras available and more becoming available every day. Just contact us for the latest and greatest at 1-800-431-1658 or 914-944-3425 or use our contact form.

H.264 Compression

2009-10-06T16:01:00.002-05:00

The latest IP cameras are using the new video compression H.264. We have had many questions about this new compression method so here’s an article that provides the information you will need to better understand this new technology.

H.264 is a new version of MPEG4 and it provides about twice as much compression as the older version. Apple has been using this standard for a number of years and it is now available in the latest IP Cameras. A number of manufacturers have begun to introduce this technology. Axis is in the lead at the moment, but other companies such as Sony, IQinvision and others are slowly introducing their new models as well.

This latest video compression standard, H.264 (also known as MPEG-4 Part 10/AVC for Advanced Video Coding), is becoming the video standard of choice.

Compression Concept
The intent of the H.264/AVC project was to create a standard capable of providing good video quality at substantially lower bit rates than previous standards (e.g. half or less the bit rate of MPEG-2, H.263, or MPEG-4 Part 2), without increasing the complexity of design so much that it would be impractical or excessively expensive to implement. An additional goal was to provide enough flexibility to allow the standard to be applied to a wide variety of applications on a wide variety of networks and systems, including low and high bit rates, low and high resolution video, broadcast, DVD storage, RTP/IP packet networks, and ITU-T multimedia telephony systems.

H.264 is an open, licensed standard that supports the most efficient video compression techniques available today. Without compromising image quality, an H.264 encoder can reduce the size of a digital video file by more than 80% compared with the Motion JPEG format and as much as 50% more than with the MPEG-4 Part 2 standard. This means that much less network bandwidth and storage space are required for a video file. Or seen another way, much higher video quality can be achieved for a given bit rate.

Jointly defined by standardization organizations in the telecommunications and IT industries, H.264 is expected to be more widely adopted than previous standards.Video compression is about reducing and removing redundant video data so that a digital video f ile can be effectively sent and stored. The process involves applying an algorithm to the source video to create a compressed file that is ready for transmission or storage. To play the compressed file, an inverse algorithm is applied to produce a video that shows virtually the same content as the original source video. The time it takes to compress, send, decompress and display a file is called latency. The more advanced the compression algorithm, the higher the latency, given the same processing power.

A pair of algorithms that works together is called a video codec (encoder/decoder). Video codecs that implement different standards are normally not compatible with each other; that is, video content that is compressed using one standard cannot be decompressed with a different standard. For instance, an MPEG-4 Part 2 decoder will not work with an H.264 encoder. This is simply because one algorithm cannot correctly decode the output from another algorithm but it is possible to implement many different algorithms in the same software or hardware, which would then enable multiple formats to be compressed. Different video compression standards utilize different methods of reducing data, and hence, results differ in bit rate, quality and latency.

The graph below provides a bit rate comparison, given the same level of image quality, among the following video standards: Motion JPEG, MPEG-4 Part 2 (no motion compensation), MPEG-4 Part 2 (with motion compensation) and H.264 (baseline profile).

Figure 1. An H.264 encoder generated up to 50% fewer bits per second for a sample video sequence than an MPEG-4 encoder with motion compensation. The H.264 encoder was at least three times more efficient than an MPEG-4 encoder with no motion compensation and at least six times more efficient than Motion JPEG.

Frames
Depending on the H.264 profile, different types of frames such as I-frames, P-frames and B-frames, may be used by an encoder.
An I-frame, or intra frame, is a self-contained frame that can be independently decoded without any reference to other images. The first image in a video sequence is always an I-frame. I-frames are needed as starting points for new viewers or resynchronization points if the transmitted bit stream is damaged. I-frames can be used to implement fast-forward, rewind and other random access functions. An encoder will automatically insert I-frames at regular intervals or on demand if new clients are expected to join in viewing a stream. The drawback of I-frames is that they consume much more bits, but on the other hand, they do not generate many artifacts.

A P-frame, which stands for predictive inter frame, makes references to parts of earlier I and/or P frame(s) to code the frame. P-frames usually require fewer bits than I-frames, but a drawback is that they are very sensitive to transmission errors because of the complex dependency on earlier P and I reference frames.

A B-frame, or bi-predictive inter frame, is a frame that makes references to both an earlier reference frame and a future frame.

Figure 2.
When a video decoder restores a video by decoding the bit stream frame by frame, decoding must always start with an I-frame. P-frames and B-frames, if used, must be decoded together with the reference frame(s).In the H.264 baseline profile, only I- and P-frames are used. This profile is ideal for network cameras and video encoders since low latency is achieved because B-frames are not used.

Basic Concepts of Reducing the Data
A variety of methods can be used to reduce video data, both within an image frame and between a series of frames.
Within an image frame, data can be reduced simply by removing unnecessary information, which will have an impact on the image resolution. MJPEG utilizes this algorithm.

In a series of frames, video data can be reduced by such methods as difference coding, which is used by MEPG4 and H.264. In difference coding, a frame is compared with a reference frame (i.e. earlier I- or P-frame) and only pixels that have changed with respect to the reference frame are coded. In this way, the number of pixel values that are coded and sent is reduced.

Figure 3. With Motion JPEG format, the three images in the above sequence are coded and sent as separate unique images (I-frames) with no dependencies on each other.

Figure 4. With difference coding (used in most video compression standards including H.264), only the first image (I-frame) is coded in its entirety. In the two following images (P-frames), references are made to the first picture for the static elements, i.e. the house, and only the moving parts, i.e. the running man, is coded using motion vectors, thus reducing the amount of information that is sent and stored.

The amount of encoding can be further reduced if detection and encoding of differences is based on blocks of pixels (macroblocks) rather than individual pixels; therefore, bigger areas are compared and only blocks that are significantly different are coded. The overhead associated with indicating the location of areas to be changed is also reduced.

Difference coding, however, would not significantly reduce data if there was a lot of motion in a video. Here, techniques such as block-based motion compensation can be used. Block-based motion compensation takes into account that much of what makes up a new frame in a video sequence can be found in an earlier frame, but perhaps in a different location. This technique divides a frame into a series of macroblocks. Block by block, a new frame—for instance, a P-frame—can be composed or ‘predicted’ by looking for a matching block in a reference frame. If a match is found, the encoder simply codes the position where the matching block is to be found in the reference frame. Coding the motion vector, as it is called, takes up fewer bits than if the actual content of a block were to be coded.

Figure 5. Illustration of block-based motion compensation

Improving Compression Even more with H.264
H.264 takes video compression technology to a new level. With H.264, a new and advanced intra prediction scheme is introduced for encoding I-frames. This scheme can greatly reduce the bit size of an I-frame and maintain a high quality by enabling the successive prediction of smaller blocks of pixels within each macroblock in a frame. This is done by trying to find matching pixels among the earlier-encoded pixels that border a new 4x4 pixel block to be intra-coded. By reusing pixel values that have already been encoded, the bit size can be drastically reduced. The new intraprediction is a key part of the H.264 technology that has proven to be very efficient. For comparison, if only I-frames were used in an H.264 stream, it would have a much smaller file size than a Motion JPEG stream, which uses only I-frames.

In this mode, four bottom pixels from the block above are copied vertically into part of an intra-coded macro-block.	In this mode, four right-most pixels from the block to the left are copied horizontally into part of an intra-coded macroblock.	In this mode, eight bottom pixels from the blocks above are copied diagonally into part of an intra-coded macro-block.

Figure 6. Illustrations of some of the modes that intra prediction can take in coding 4x4 pixels within one of the 16 blocks that make up a macroblock. Each of the 16 blocks in a macroblock may be coded using different modes.

Original source image Intra predicted image

Residual image Output image
Figure 7. The above images illustrate the efficiency of H.264’s intra prediction scheme, whereby the intra predicted image is sent for “free”. Only the residual content and the intra prediction modes need to be coded to produce the output image.

Block-based motion compensation—used in encoding P- and B-frames—has also been improved in H.264. An H.264 encoder can choose to search for matching blocks—down to sub-pixel accuracy—in a few or many areas of one or several reference frames. The block size and shape can also be adjusted to improve a match. In areas where no matching blocks can be found in a reference frame, intra-coded macroblocks are used. The high degree of flexibility in H.264’s block-based motion compensation pays off in crowded surveillance scenes where the quality can be maintained for demanding applications. Motion compensation is the most demanding aspect of a video encoder and the different ways and degrees with which it can be implemented by an H.264 encoder can have an impact on how efficiently video is compressed.

With H.264, typical blocky artifacts—seen in highly compressed video using Motion JPEG and MPEG standards other than H.264—can be reduced using an in-loop deblocking filter. This filter smoothes block edges using an adaptive strength to deliver an almost perfect decompressed video.

Figure 8. Blocky artifacts in the highly compressed image at left are reduced when a deblocking filter is applied, as seen in the image at right.

Conclusion
H.264 compression provides a significant improvement in video compression technology. It is supported by many different standards groups making it one of the most accepted standards. Because it provides a dramatic improvement in compression, it reduces the bandwidth and storage required. It provides an 80% improvement over MJPEG compression and about 50% improvement over MPEG4 compression. It is now available in the latest cameras from Axis, and other manufacturers.

Need more information about this compression or the cameras that utilize it, just contact us at 914-944-3425 or by using our contact form.

Access Control Technology Review

2009-06-04T12:21:00.011-05:00

Door access control systems have changed over the years. The early units were quite difficult to install. They used simple card readers with all the intelligence located back at the control panel. Over the years more intelligent devices were developed, and now, in the state-of-the-art solutions, most of the intelligence is located at the reader near the door. The latest IP type readers make use of your Ethernet network and are very easy to install. This article reviews the types of systems available and how they can be integrated with IP cameras.

In physical security, the term access control refers to the practice of allowing entrance to a property, a building, or a room only to authorized persons. Physical access control can be achieved by a human (a guard, bouncer, or receptionist), through mechanical means such as locks and keys, or through technological means such as door access control systems that use magnetic locks. In general, in an automated system, access is controlled using a special RFID type proximity card or by keying in an ID number. If the system accepts the person, a relay is activated that unlocks the door.

HISTORICAL REVIEW

Basic non-intelligent Readers: The first automated door access control systems utilized simple non-intelligent reader panels that connected back to a central control panel. All the access requests were forwarded back to the central control panel.

Semi-intelligent Readers: The next generation of readers included some intelligence. These readers included enough intelligence to control the door lock hardware, but did not make any access control decisions. The reader simply passed on the code entered to the main controller and then waited for a response. These readers are usually connected to the main panel via an RS-485 bus.

Intelligent Readers: The first intelligent readers connected back to a centralized control panel via the same RS-485 connection as semi-intelligent readers. They included memory and enough intelligence to make access decisions independently of the control panel. The special control panel provides configuration updates and receives events from the readers and maintains a history of the door access.

Intelligent IP Reader and Controller: This is the latest type of reader (such as the reader from ISONAS). It’s similar to the intelligent reader in that all the decisions are made at the reader, but instead of using a specialized control panel, it uses a standard computer running access control software. It also uses the standard network infrastructure for communication (CAT 5 or 6 cable). Since it totally eliminates any special wiring and specialized control panels, it is the simplest to install and maintain.

IP DOOR ACCESS CONTROL

The latest door control systems use an IP reader and special software that runs in a Windows computer. The IP reader is attached to the Ethernet network. Magnetic locks and strikes secure the doors which are opened by the IP Reader when the right access card (or other RFID device) passes near the IP Reader. Each Reader contains a list of people who are allowed to enter the door. Software running in a Windows computer is used to control the system, add the people who are allowed to enter the door, send the list to the readers and provide reports of who and when people entered.

IP Reader
An IP based system, such as the one from ISONAS, utilizes the latest IP readers. It does not require a centralized control panel. Since this system uses network attached components and standard computer systems it provides a very flexible door control system. The reader is powered over Ethernet (PoE) so you don’t require any additional power wires. The reader includes door sense input connections and provides an output that controls the electric door lock.

These readers are designed for both indoor and outdoor use. The optional keypad can be used for additional personnel verification. There are models that use the HID format RFID proximity devices. The devices are available in many different formats from plastic cards, to keychain fobs.

Magnetic Locks and Strikes
There are a variety of automated door locking systems available. You can select either a magnetic lock or electric strike to secure a door.

Magnetic locks are used in high security areas where you need to monitor the movement of people. Since people are required to use their access cards in both directions, you can track who enters and leaves a secure area.

The locking system uses an electromagnetic and armature plate to secure the door. The electromagnet is attached to the door frame while the armature plate is attached to the door. A current passes through the electromagnetic so that it is magnetically attracted to the armature plate holding the door closed. The magnetic strength can provide over 1500 lbs. of holding force. Locks with higher magnetic force can be used to secure an outer door, while lower force locks can be used to secure inner doors.

The locks require special power supplies that can be integrated into a fire panel. It is important to assure that the locks can be released if an emergency situation occurs.

The electric strike are easy to install and are used to secure outer and inner doors, but do not prevent egress from an area like the magnetic lock. It replaces the fixed strike place in a standard lock. Like a fixed strike, it normally presents a ramped surface to the locking latch allowing the door to close and latch just like a fixed strike would. To exit from a secured area, the door can be opened by using a knob or level.

To simplify installation, it is important to use locks that require less than 500ma of current. This allows the reader to be powered over Ethernet. The electric locks from Rutherford Controls are examples of this type of low power lock.

Electric strikes generally come in two basic configurations:

Fail-secure. Also called Fail-locked or non-fail safe. In this configuration, applying electrical current to the strike will cause it to open. In this configuration, the strike would remain locked in a power failure, but typically the knob can still be used to open the door from the inside for egress from the secure side. These units can be powered by AC which will cause the unit to "buzz", or DC power which will offer silent operation, except for a "click" while the unit releases.

Fail-safe. Also called Fail-open. In this configuration, applying electrical current to the strike will cause it to lock. In this configuration, it operates the same as a magnetic lock would. If there is a power failure, the door would open merely by being pushed/pulled open. Fail safe units are always run using DC power.

ADDING THE IP CAMERA

Adding video to a door control system increases the overall security of the system. By viewing and recording the video, you can keep a visual record of all the people entering your facility as well as determining if the access tag matches the person. You can also catch multiple people entering with only one access (tailgating). Adding additional software will even allow you to do this automatically.

IP camera
By adding an IP camera you can view who enters and leaves an area. The video is captured at the computer running the special NVR software. Cameras from Axis, JVC, IQinvison and others can be used to capture the video.

Adding audio: By using an IP camera that supports audio you can even record the audio at the time of entry. There are many cameras that support audio but you must also select cameras that are also supported by the NVR software. Cameras from Axis and Sony are supported by a number of NVRs and are available with 2-way audio support.

Software
It is important to select access control and the video recording software that are compatible. For example, the Isonas Crystal Matrix software and OnSSI’s NetDVMS software work well together.

The IP reader system notifies the Crystal Matrix Software that a person has opened a door. The Crystal Matrix software then notifies the NetDVMS surveillance software that the door has been accessed causing the NVR software to record the video from the specific camera that is watching the door. Since the video is time stamped you can easily match video to the door access software timeline.

Adding additional Intelligence
There is also optional analytic software available (such as AgentVI) that can automatically watch for tailgating and provide alarms if more than one person tries to enter an area.

MANNED ACCESS CONTROL USING JUST AN IP CAMERA AND INTERCOM

As an alternative to an automated system, you can control access by just using an IP camera at each entry door. This works only if you have a centralized security person. Using a camera and intercom, the security person can talk to the person at the door, make a decision based on the picture he sees on his monitor, and then press a lock release button to open the remote door. All communication is done over your Ethernet network so it’s easy to implement.
Here’s what you need to implement the system:

Cameras with Audio
In almost all cases a camera that includes audio, supports MPEG4 compression. This form of compression includes data packets for audio transfer as well as video. For example, the Axis 210A includes two-way audio. It has audio input and audio output so you can attach a microphone and powered speaker. Other cameras with audio include Axis214PTZ and Axis211A.

The intercom and microphone are connected to inputs on the IP camera. All the information from the camera is sent over the standard Ethernet network back to a Windows type PC server.

Doorway Intercoms

To have a two-way conversation with someone at a doorway requires both a microphone and speaker. The microphone and the speaker must be compatible with the input and output requirements of the camera. It’s best to use a directional microphone to minimize any extra noise in the area. Here’s an example of a two way system that is compatible with most cameras.

AOP-SP-WS
Bi-directional Speakerphone. Surface Wall mount speakerphones are designed to interface with various modes of audio/video transmission systems. They provide bi-directional audio with the IP Network cameras that support audio, and video servers with audio support. It contains a built-in electret condenser microphone and a 4" speaker. Also control potentiometers for adjusting the sensitivity of both transmitted and received audio. It can be used outdoors but requires protection from direct exposure to the elements.

NVR IP Software
Special software that runs in your Windows PC computer is used to communicate with the intercom and allows you to view and record the video. For example, NetDVR and NetDVMS from OnSSI provide two-way audio support as well as recording both the video and audio.

These systems are easy to implement but I’m sure you will have questions about all the details. Just contact us at 914-944-3425 or use our contact form to get more information.

What's a Watt

2009-01-22T13:39:00.000-05:00

Knowing more about voltage, current and power can help when you are putting together an IP camera system. This is especially true when you are selecting the power supply and running the wire. Computers, light bulbs and cameras have a power rating that is measured in Watts and sometimes in Volt-Amps (VA). Ever wonder what a Watt is, or why we sometimes use watts and other times Volt-Amps? It’s important to know about the power, because if you don’t have enough of it you’re in trouble. This article provides the information you need to stay out of trouble.

Current is the flow of electric charge. The unit of measure for current is the ampere, or abbreviated it’s “amp”. If you stick your finger in an outlet (please don’t do this), it’s the current that knocks you on your rear. The more current you have, the larger the size (or gauge) of the wire you need to carry the flow of the current. If the wire gauge is too small, it resists the flow of the current and it gets hot. (See the description of a resister below.)

Resistance is what generates the heat when voltage and current are applied to an electric circuit. An electric heater is an example of a resister. The more current that follows through a resister the hotter it will get. Resistance is measured in ohms.
Voltage and current are related in electrical equipment by Ohm’s law. Voltage (V) is related to current (I) by the resistance (R) of the electrical circuit. The formula is V=I X R. This means that if you run 2 amps of current through an IP camera that has a resistance of 6 ohms you will get 12 volts (2 X 6 = 12 volts).

Almost everything, including wire, has some resistance. The thicker the wire the less resistance it has to the flow of the current. It’s like having a larger size pipe for water. The thinner the wire gauge the more resistance the wire will have, and the lower the voltage will be at the end of the wire. Also, the longer the length of the wire the more resistance is added. When you have a long run of wire, you should use a larger gauge size wire (thicker) to reduce the resistance.

For those who need more details, here they are, otherwise just go to Voltage description below.
To illustrate the problem of wire resistance, I will use a slightly more complicated drawing. In this example I added the 2 ohm resister to represent the resistance of the wire. Now there is a total of 8 ohms in the circuit (6 + 2 = 8). Since there is now more resistance in the circuit, the amount of current changes and so does the amount of voltage available at the camera. The equation to calculate the current is: I = V/R. So now the current equals 12/8 or 1.5 amps. The camera that was getting 12 Volts before we added the resistance of the wire is now getting only 9 volts (I used the formula V=I X R for this. 1.5 A X 6 R = 9 volts.) This lower voltage could be a problem for the camera. There are some charts on the Internet such as the one at http://www.interfacebus.com/Copper_Wire_AWG_SIze.html. It describes the American Wire Gauge (AWG) for various gauges vs. the resistance of 1000ft of wire.

Voltage is the difference of potential between two points of an electrical circuit. The higher the potential the more volts you have. For example you can generate a lot of voltage by rubbing your feet on a carpet, and make quite a large spark when you touch a metal surface (or someone else).

Another example can be seen at museums that have scientific displays. Sometimes they have displays that show the effect of voltage. They let kids touch the surface of a large metal ball. When they touch it, their hair sticks out in all directions. This is called a Van der Graf generator (but you probably don’t need to know this). It generates a very large voltage on the surface of the metal ball, and the static electricity makes your hair stand on end.

Now for Watts:
Here’s the definition of a watt: the watt (symbol: W) is equal to one joule of energy per second (and about 745 watts equals 1 horsepower). It measures a rate of energy conversion. It was named after our old friend James Watt. Remember his work with the steam engine? If not, you’re not smarter than a fifth grader.

Here are some examples of the Watt. A human climbing a flight of stairs is doing work at a rate of about 200 watts. An automobile engine can produce mechanical energy at a rate of 25,000 watts (which is equal to approximately 33.5 horsepower) while cruising. A household incandescent light bulb uses electrical energy at a rate of 25 to 100 watts, while compact fluorescent lights typically consume 5 to 30 watts. We also have Kilowatts (1,000 watts), Megawatts (1,000,000 watts) and if you have a power station available Gigawatts (too many zeros (9 actually)).

First off, you may know this, but there are two different types of electrical systems. There is Direct Current (DC) systems and Alternating Current (AC) systems. I’m going to start by explaining DC systems which are simpler than AC systems.

The Watt is related to the voltage and current. The formula for calculating the watt is: Watts (W) equal Current (I) X Voltage (V) or W = I x V. For example if I have a camera that requires 12 V DC and it takes 2 amps, it will require a power supply that can provide at least 24 watts. (2 x 12 = 24).

Volt-Amps or Power in an Alternating Current System
Power is fairly simple, when you are using a DC power supply. It gets a little more complicated when you use an AC power supply. In the alternating current world the voltage cycles up and down. This is called a sine wave. The voltage goes positive and then negative and back again. The current goes back and forth as well. These two cycles can be affected by the load, especially when the load includes other components such as a transformer or motor. Pan tilt cameras with motors are an example of a complex load.

When there is a complex load, the sine wave for the voltage can get displaced from the sine wave for the current and this changes the real power we will need. When we compute power in an AC network we use Volt-Amps instead of Watts.
We use the Power Factor to adjust for this variable power load. Now the Volt-amps equal the watts divided by power factor. The power factor is a number between 0 and 1 and its value is determined by the properties of the load. So if you have a system that needs 20 watt but there is a power factor of 0.5, the Volt-Amp required is 20 / 0.5 = 40 watts. Notice that the unit of measure is the same (further confusing things).

If you have a camera or other device that doesn’t have a complex load then the power factor equals “1”. This is true in most fixed IP cameras. In this case, Watts equals Volt-Amps.

In summary, current, resistance and power are important specifications to consider when installing IP cameras or any type of camera system. The gauge (thickness) and length of wire is important because it can affect the voltage. Power is measured in Watts, but it can also be the same as Volt-Amps, it’s just determined by the type of load (or camera) that’s used.

If you would like more information about how voltage, current and power affect your IP camera system, just contact us at 914-944-3425 or use our contact form.

What is Bandwidth and How Much is Required

2008-09-12T12:17:00.000-05:00

Ever wonder why it takes so long to get a picture loaded on your computer screen? Do you sometimes have problems using your new cable telephone or VoIP system? What bandwidth is required for your Internet connection? Do you need 512 Kbits/sec or 20 Mbits/sec? This article provides the information you need to determine the best service and will help you correct problems you may encounter with your Internet connection.

We receive information in a number of ways. For example, we can listen to the radio, watch TV, talk on the telephone or use our computers to reach the Internet. In general we are receiving information in two distinct ways. In one case we are listening to the same information that is broadcast to everyone, and in the other case we are receiving a private message. No matter how we receive the information it is important that the message is loud and clear. Let’s take a look at some of the factors that affect the quality of what we receive.

Broadcast versus Addressed Information

First let’s understand the difference between receiving the information that’s broadcast versus getting information that’s addressed to us. The reason I’m reviewing the two types of communication is because it is helpful to know this when you are talking to your network provider. Some of these providers actually don’t understand this concept, so you have to help them along, especially when you are trying to explain a problem you’re having with their service.

When information is broadcast electronically, it is like a water pipe filled with fish. The pipe goes from one house to another and at each house there is a window in the pipe through which you can see the fish swimming. Since people are all looking at the same fish (information), you just need to have enough water pressure for the water to reach all the houses in the neighborhood. No one is taking any of the fish away. Cable television broadcasts TV signals so that everyone sees the same information (the fish) at the same time. Cable companies monitor the quality of the signal reaching each location to assure you get a good quality TV signal.

Sending information that’s addressed to specific computers is like delivering the fish to each person’s house. When you connect your computer to the Internet you get some data (fish) that’s addressed just to you. Each house takes some of the fish away so you need lots of fish. IP addresses are used on the network to address each of the computers and to assure that the information gets to the right place. Telephones are another example of addressed information. You call a specific house by using a specific phone number. Internet providers that focus on good data service should not only be interested in the quality of the signal, but also the bandwidth (amount of fish) that each user receives.

Data rate (or do we have enough fish).

The data or bit rate is related to the bandwidth available and it is a measure of the amount of information (number of fish) that can be sent over any transmission media. The data is sent over a transmission media that can be a cable wire, an optical fibre wire, or wirelessly using a radio. No matter what the transmission media, we are always concerned about the data rate.

If many people are trying to get the fish at the same time, you have a fish delay because you don’t have enough fish to go around. For example if the Internet provider tells you that you have a 10 Mbits/sec connection, you may not receive this data rate all the time. The problem is that the network is shared by many people so sometimes the bandwidth that you receive is reduced and you end up waiting a long time for a picture to load on your web browser. It’s far worse when you are talking to someone on the telephone, and there are missing sounds or interruptions to the voice.

When you have these problems it’s time to talk to your provider about the bandwidth they are actually providing.

How High a Data Rate Do We Really Need?

The data rate you need depends on what information you want to send. When you send real-time audio or video data it’s very important to receive a continuous flow of information. For example if you want to transfer video on the Internet, the data rate required will be determined by the resolution of the picture, the frame rate (or how many pictures you want to send per second), and the compression scheme you use. If you send video with a resolution of 640 x 480, it uses about 300 Kbits/picture when using MJPEG compression. If I want to send 10 pictures or frames per second, then I will need a data rate or bandwidth of 10 frames/second x 300 Kbits = 3000 K bits/second. This is the same as 3 Mbits/sec. So if we want to see the video at 10 frames/sec, we will require a bandwidth of at least 3 Mbits/sec.

Many DSL, cable companies and Verizon FIOS have one data rate for incoming (download) data rate and another for the outgoing (upload) data rate. Usually you would like a higher download rate, but sometimes, especially if you are viewing a camera, you would like a higher upload rate.

Now that you understand the concept of data rates, you will be better able to make the right choices for your Internet connection. These same concepts also apply to your local area network and even your wireless network.

If you need more help determining bandwidth (how many fish) you need, just give us a call at 914-944-3425 or use the contact form to send us a message.

Video Recording for IP Cameras

2008-05-30T09:54:00.000-05:00

The Changing Technology of Video Recording
Pros and Cons of the latest IP Camera Recording systems
by Bob Mesnik

Recording video from surveillance cameras has changed over the years. First there were Video Cassette Recorders (VCR’s) and then Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) and now there are Network Video Recorders (NVR). VCRs were around for many years and have been replaced by DVRs that use hard drives. Now, NVRs that support the latest network attached IP cameras, are starting to replace the DVR. This article reviews the technology and how it has evolved over the last few years.

Video Recorder
Early video tape recorders were introduced in the 1950’s. In the 1960’s Sony introduced the first videocassette units (U-matic) which lead to the Beta and VHS VCR products. In the 1970’s the VCR started to be used in the surveillance market.

Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) used in surveillance, are modified consumer VCRs that have one or more camera inputs to record video from CCTV analog cameras. Duration of storage is usually only up to ten days, depending on resolution and frame rate. These systems were simple to use and relatively inexpensive. Prices ranged from $200 to $1,000.

The downside was the difficulty in finding a specific videotape and then a specific time period. Tape is not too reliable, so even if you find the right tape you may find the video has deteriorated.

Digital Video Recorder
Around 2000, the DVR was introduced for surveillance applications. The Digital Video Recorder (DVR) converts analog video (from CCTV cameras) to digital data and records the data on computer type hard drives. 4 to 16 analog cameras can be attached to a DVR. These systems provide far more storage than tape, are more reliable and provide almost instant access to the stored video. Prices range from $500 to over $2500 (for up to 16 cameras).

Since the video is stored in a form that’s more compatible with computers, the video can be processed and distributed easily. DVR systems incorporate better video compression, and provide motion detection and alarms. Many DVRs have network connections. Data can be sent over the network and viewed on a PC or it can be stored on CD or DVD-Recordable discs.

The upside is the ability to attach a variety of analog cameras into the network. The downside is that the DVR system has a fixed amount of storage and is not easily expanded.

Network Video Recorders (NVRs)
The NVR or IP software is a major advance over the VCR and DVR. The introduction of network attached IP cameras around 1996 required a new type of recording system to be developed. Instead of using coax cable to distribute the video, the video is digitized and compressed in the camera and attached directly to the Ethernet network. The digitized video is now distributed over the network just like any other computer data. A number of software and hardware products were developed to support these new IP cameras. The software runs on standard computers connected to the same Ethernet network as the IP cameras. The software transformed the standard computer into a Network Video Recorder. Now many hundreds of IP cameras can be supported by this IP NVR software. Prices range from $500 to well over $25,000 (for hundreds of cameras).

Some manufacturers also introduced NVR systems that included a computer. The purpose of this system was to make the transition from analog CCTV technology to the new network attached IP technology as easy as possible for the video dealers. For example, instead of using a 16-channel DVR you could now get a 16-channel NVR.

The NVR systems are much more flexible and expandable than DVR systems. The Ethernet network can support a very large number of IP Cameras and the more advanced NVR software is designed to use multiple computers to support an almost unlimited number of cameras.

Most NVR software runs on a Windows type PC system. An IP camera system consists of the IP cameras, computer with hard drives and IP or NVR software. The computer performance and hard drive capacity depends on the number of cameras, the resolution of the video, the frame rate of the cameras as well as how long you want to store the video.

NVR software can be scaled to the requirements of the surveillance system. You can get low cost camera systems that support up to 25 cameras, medium level solutions that support up to 64 cameras and enterprise solutions that support hundreds of cameras.

Software Overview:
There are a number of software options such as NUUO, ProSightSMB, NetDVR and NetDVMS from OnSSI and a number of versions from Milestone (which are similar to the OnSSI software).

The software uses your own computer and it will allow you to view, store and retrieve video and control the cameras. There are a number of common capabilities and each package also has some unique features and functions. For example, all versions allow you to view the video using a web browser from anywhere on the Internet, store video only when motion is detected, and notify you of motion alarm by email or by an alarm sound on the PC. NetDVR and NetDVMS are more robust server/client type software and add among other things the ability to patrol through preset PTZ positions and to transfer the video to alternative storage on the network.

The software is licensed according to the number of cameras you are supporting. ProSightSMB and NetDVR are both licensed by groups of cameras 4, 9, 16 25, 36 64 cameras while NetDVMS is licensed with a base license plus a per camera license. Here are examples of each type of software license:

NUUO is an entry level software for small numbers of cameras. It runs as an application (rather than a service) so should be used with care in commercial surveillance applications. It is licensed for 4, 8, 12 and 16 cameras.

The following software solutions from OnSSI can run either as an application or a Service.

ProsightSMB is entry level software that supports a maximum of 25 cameras. It is a single site and single server type product. This is a small-scale video management system that provides live video, recording, playback and camera management and control. It allows viewing of cameras from any computer using a web browser.

NetDVR is a mid-range product that supports up to 64 cameras on one server, and operates as a server/client. It includes features such as NetGuard client software for viewing up to 64 cameras at a time on any workstation on the network, auto-patrol mode for PTZ cameras, stores audio and allows video to be off-loaded to additional storage on the network. It includes NetMatrix that pops video up on any designated PC monitor whenever there is an alarm condition.

NetDVMS is an Enterprise product that supports hundreds of cameras. It is licensed with a base license plus a per camera license. Besides having all the features of NetDVR, this software can run on multiple servers that are distributed over many sites. It includes NetMatrix that pops video up on any designated PC monitor whenever there is an alarm condition, and Net-PDA software that allows a user to view and control cameras from their PDA.

Advanced content analytic software can be added that counts people in an area or detects if a package has been left unattended at an airport. The bottom line is that more protection can be provided by these complex systems using much less human resources.

If you would like more information please contact us at 1-800-431-1658 or 914-944-3425 or send a message.

PA Paging over IP Networks

2007-08-10T11:57:00.000-05:00

You may have heard about Voice over IP or VoIP, well now it’s paging over IP. This is a new way to page or provide an intercom over the network. But how does this all work? How does your voice get on the network? Good question.

TCP/IP network technology makes local area networks and the Internet possible. It provides the basic communication protocol that allows all the information to move between all the computers on your local area network and over the World Wide Web. Now this same technology has been used to send voice, paging and intercom messages. Here’s how it’s done.

The way it works
First let’s understand some of the basics. Your voice is sound waves that are converted to electronic analog signals by a microphone. When you talk into a microphone that’s connected to your computer it’s converted to a digital signal. This is called analog to digital conversion. If you are using Voice over IP, then you may have a phone converter that does the same thing as your computer. It converts the analog signals to digital form and connects it to the network.

It’s interesting to note that the information on the network (or even over the Internet) is not sent all at once. You can start talking, and instead of sending this continuous stream of information, the information is broken up into batches or packets. It turns out that everything you do on the Internet involves packets. For example, every Web page that you receive comes as a series of packets, and every e-mail you send leaves as a series of packets. Networks that ship data around in small packets are called packet switched networks.

On the Internet, the network breaks an e-mail message and the voice message into parts of a certain size in bytes. These are the packets. Each packet carries the information that will help it get to its destination -- the sender's IP address, the intended receiver's IP address, something that tells the network how many packets this e-mail message has been broken into and the number of this particular packet. The packets carry the data in the protocols that the Internet uses: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Each packet contains part of the body of your message. A typical packet contains perhaps 1,000 or 1,500 bytes.

OK, so now the information can get sent to another computer. Now how does this relate to a paging system? The paging system uses a special purpose computer (sometimes called an appliance because it’s very simple), to receive voice messages. Its job is to connect to the network, pick up the packets addressed to it and convert it back into analog form so it can be amplified and heard on a speaker. So the simplest paging system is a small computer with digital to analog converter, with audio amplifier and speakers connected to it. Now I can talk in one part of the building and be heard in another part of the building, or even across the world, over the Internet. Take a look at the block diagram below which shows the components inside the network attached IP amplifier.

An Intercom system is almost as simple. Now we use the same small computer (appliance) again, but add a microphone and analog to digital converter. Now I have the ability to talk both ways. It’s almost the same as using a VoIP telephone.

Components required to page and use an intercom over IP
At the school I used to go to this horrible sound would come out of a speaker on the wall. It was really almost impossible to understand. The page originated from the school office where the secretary or principal made all the announcements. This type of paging system required a central amplifier and wires that ran to each speaker. Paging and Intercom technology, just like many other products, have been transformed by TCP/IP network technology.

Using the IP network the world has changed. Now the messages travel across the network in digital form. Digital Acoustics provides a very flexible system that uses a standard PC to control paging and intercom activity. Take a look at the diagram below.

This system uses a standard computer with a sound card and microphone instead of a central amplifier. The special software allows you to send the voice data over the network to all the amplifiers and speakers attached to the network. The software allows you to select where you send your voice. It can be to just one of the speakers, any set of speakers or to all the speakers on the network.

The great thing about this type of system is that you don’t need a central location for this to work, when you use Enterprise software, you can page from any computer that runs the software. You can have multiple locations for paging and intercom control.

Paging Amplifier
The core hardware component to a paging solution is an Audio Amplifier module that connects to the network. For example the ii3-ESS can drive a single 8-Ohm speaker or multiple speakers in an array.

With the addition of a universal 25/70V transformer, a series of speakers can be powered by a single ii3-ESS, with the quantity of speakers determined by required output levels. With a maximum output of 20 watts (8 Ohms), the ii3-ESS is capable of driving paging horns with sound pressure levels in excess of 120 db SPL. For low output applications (<8>8 watts) an external power supply is required.

Every acoustic environment is unique and using the right speakers is important in providing intelligible public address solutions. There are a wide range of speakers available from companies such as Quam-Nichols. For example:

8" Ceiling Mounts - Round and Square

Surface Mounted Enclosures - Square and Sloped

Internal Horns

External Paging Horns

Corrections Grade Solutions (Vandal Proof)

Weather Proof & Flame-retardant

You can also use standard PA systems to amplify and provide high quality sound to large meeting areas.

Intercom Units
The ii3-EDW, ii3-ESW intercom units are examples of intercoms that attach to the network. They used on a desktop or attached to a wall. Features include:

High quality integrated speaker and microphone

Four button controls include Volume Up/Down, Monitor/Open, and Push-to-Talk

Four LED indicators include Active, Link, Monitor and Talk

Software
The software controls everything and allows you to talk to all the attached locations on the network. For example, the following software from Digital Acoustics makes it very easy to page and provide the intercom.

The software allows you to manage ii3 Intercoms from any PC. It also allows you to easily configure intercoms, control communications and archive audio files. TalkMaster-LE software is included with the purchase of any ii3 IP Intercom and makes for a total monitoring solution.

Selective or master call to page all stations

Master control and auto detection (integrated UDP polling)

Provides remote door release and GPIO control

Allows you to record, log and archive audio sessions

Audio file playback (.WAV)

Remote and local digital volume control

Supports primary and secondary consoles

iTalk/X Active X Software Development Kit (SDK) for custom integration

For sophisticated users and applications, there’s a more advanced software product called TalkMaster Enterprise Edition. This allows you to set up multiple control points for paging and intercom activity and in general provides flexibility in addressing the special needs of complex, multi-station, multi-operator and multi-site installations.

If you need some help designing your system, don’t hesitate to contact us. We can be reached at 914-944-3425 or 800-431-1658 or just use our contact form to get information.

Using an IP Cameras with Audio

2007-05-23T13:32:00.001-05:00

An IP camera with IP software can be used to view and record video along with audio, but it may not be good for every application. IP cameras and software systems are designed for surveillance applications, so when used in a different application such as recording a presentation, may not be as good as using a standard camcorder. For example the audio and video may not be exactly synchronized. Slight differences can be seen on a web browser or when using IP video software (to record audio and video). There are also certain laws that relate to recording audio, and in most cases require people to be notified they are being recorded. With that said here are some things you can do.

Cameras with Audio
In almost all cases a camera that includes audio, supports MPEG4 compression. This form of compression includes data packets for audio transfer as well as video. For example, the Axis 210A includes two-way audio. It has audio input and audio output so you can attach a microphone and powered speaker. Other cameras with audio include Axis214PTZ and Axis211A, Vivotek IP6112, Panasonic WV-NS202 and WV-NP244.

Here is an example of a camera that can be used:

Axis210AL2
The AXIS 210A, indoor only camera with Computar 2.8-12mm manual focus, manual iris lens, delivers Motion JPEG images at up to 30 frames per second in all resolutions up to 640x480. With a built-in microphone and the ability to connect to external speaker or microphone, the AXIS 210A enables remote users to not only view, but also listen in on an area and communicate orders or requests to visitors or intruders. Includes built-in motion detection, and provides both full frame rate Motion JPEG and MPEG-4 video streams simultaneously. MPEG-4 compression mode is ideal for applications where available bandwidth is restricted and higher frame rates are required. Built-in Power over Ethernet allows the camera to receive both data and power over a single Ethernet cable.
The price is $570

Microphones
Just like any application using audio, you have to consider how to pick up the sound. If you just use the microphone on the camera (some cameras have this included) you will pick up all the audio in the room, including noise you don’t want. If you want to listen to a person talking, the microphone should be as close as possible to the person. You can use many different kinds of microphones including handheld, wireless microphones and even directional room microphones. Just make sure the type of microphone matches input requirements of the camera. Many of the cameras take “line level” type mics. These are similar to those used with audio components such as CD and DVD players, TVs, audio amplifiers and other consumer equipment. Cameras usually accept the 3.5mm mono audio input. In some cases the microphone doesn’t have the right connector for the camera, but this can be corrected by using an adapter.

Wireless Microphone
The following wireless microphone can be used with IP cameras that have an audio input. The person can wear the lapel microphone or hold the microphone. The receiver connects to the audio input of the camera.

WMS-Pro
Azden Pro wireless VHF Mic system. Excellent sound quality at a range of over 250 feet. 2 switchable frequencies (169.445 and 170.245) to select the clearest sound. Receiver comes with belt clip, velcor and shoe mount. Includes one clip-on mic and one hand-held mic, either of which plugs into the mini transmitter. Clip-on mic transmitter attaches to belt or fits into pocket. Supplied with Leatherette carrying pouch and monitor ear phone. Both receiver and transmitter operate on 9V battery (not included)
The price is $235

Room Microphone
If instead you need to use a room mic, the Louroe omni-directional microphone can be used. This uses a very sensitive electret condenser omni-directional microphone with a pre-amp so it can be used with the camera. This is a good camera for small rooms. The police like this for interrogation rooms. Note that this also picks up all the noise in the room so it's not good if there are a lot of people talking.

The following kit includes everything you need to pick up sound in a room.

ASK-4 Kit300
Single zone audio monitoring system designed for direct connection to a camera. Omni-directional microphone can pick up normal sounds 15’ away or within a 30’ diameter circle. Provides three different audio outputs: RCA audio output to a DVR or VCR with RCA type audio input 3.5mm mono audio output to a DVR with 3.5mm mono audio input, 3.5mm stereo audio output to a camera or computer soundcard, or DVR with a stereo audio input. A connector cable for each type is included with. ASK-4 #300. Distance between the Verifact A. Microphone and Model IF-1 Interface Adapter may be up to 1,000 ft. using recommended wiring.
The price is $205

There are many other microphones that can be used. Contact me for some more recommendations.

How to hear the sound at a PC

A PC with a sound card allows you to view the video and hear the audio. Storing the audio and video requires special software and broadcasting to many people requires different software.

Viewing and hearing the audio
The simplest way to view an IP camera and listen to the audio is to use a web browser. Internet Explorer accepts the ActiveX component provided by the camera that allows you to see and hear the camera. Unfortunately many of the other browsers don't support the Active X. Also only a few people (up to 10) can view the video at the same time.

Storing the Audio with the Video
To store the video you need special IP software. OnSSI has a number of products that record audio as well as the video. ProSightSMB allows you to record the audio from only one camera. NetDVR allows you to record audio from all the cameras that have audio, but you can only hear the audio played back at the server and not hear it using the NetGuard Client software at other PCs on the network. NetDVMS records all the cameras and allows you to hear the audio at both the server and at various PCs on the network that are running NetGuard-EVS client software.

Here’s an example of the software that can be used:

NetDVR-04C
4 Camera license - NetDVR provides access, viewing and control of surveillance cameras from any location on the network. Totally software based system which can be installed on a standard PC workstation. Instant Search on time date or activity alarm. Supports up to 30fps per camera. Secure time stamped and watermarked recordings. Fully adjustable Video Motion Detection. Can be expanded by trading in the software for the next level of license.
The price is $1195

Speakers

You can talk through an IP camera that has audio output. Some cameras have built-in speakers, but in most cases you need an external powered speaker. The speaker needs to be powered because the camera doesn’t have enough amplification power. The cameras that support two-way audio have a 3.5mm mono audio output similar to the microphone input connection. I have seen some cameras with only one shared audio connection so be careful about this. In this case you need to use a splitter that allows both a microphone and speaker to be connected.

Almost any type of powered amplification system, like a PA system, can be connected. There are also some special powered speakers available that can be connected directly to the cameras. Here’s one example:

IPX-SA
Speaker assembly for the cameras. The IPX-SA which is a 5” square, weather-resistant, black, metal, speaker box (2” depth) with a built-in amplifier. This unit can be wall-mounted outdoors but it is not designed to withstand direct moisture or harsh environments. The amp takes a 12VDC input which can be pulled from the 12VDC terminal inside the IPX-ED-24V enclosure
The price is $135

How to speak through the camera

At the moment, you can only speak through a PC (with sound card and microphone) using Internet Explorer. There is a microphone button that can be pushed to allow you to send audio through the camera to the speaker. Software companies are working on support for out bound audio.

Webcasting

Surveillance type software is not made to broadcast or web-cast to many people on the network. You need other software to create a web server that allows many people to connect to a real-time or stored video presentation that includes audio. There is no simple solution that we know of. It will require some programming or system work to get this done. One simple approach to create a web cast is to export the audio and video to an AVI type file. This can then be cached in a computer and used in a web server that allows many people to see it. NetDVR or NetDVMS software can provide this export data from the stored video and audio files.

If you need more information please contact me. I can be reached at 914-944-3425 or by contact form.

Archiving Appliances and Systems

2007-02-05T10:02:00.000-05:00

How to comply with the archiving regulations without paying an arm and a leg
Archiving Appliances make it easy to protect your data

So you are being dragged kicking and screaming to archive your e-mails and data. What can you do that doesn't cost an arm and a leg? Well, there are some new economical systems available that make it easy to get the job done. They are called Archiving Appliances and they take advantage of the same robotic mechanisms used in automatic duplicators. With these systems you can archive e-mail data or general data to a stack of DVD optical discs.

This is a batch process where a set of blank discs are placed on a spindle and written one-at-a-time and placed on an output spindle. Then you can store the discs off-line in a drawer or cabinet until you need to read them. You can read the discs using the same appliance by placing the discs on the spindle. If you need faster access to the data, you can use a jukebox or library system instead of the archiving appliances. The jukebox or library is more complex and provides not only archiving (writing), but also easy on-line accessing (or reading) of the discs.

The Difference between Backing up and archiving
Most people can’t recover emails from even a year or two ago. Why? Because even if system backups are performed regularly, the emails are often deleted from servers during routine tape rotations. Tape can also break, wear out and become demagnetized. But what happens when some of those emails or files are needed in a lawsuit? Or what if a regulatory agency asks for specific emails and you can’t produce them? The liabilities to an organization can be substantial.

Tape backups are relatively short term storage of data. It protects your data from inadvertent erasures, system crashes that destroy the data or catastrophes that damage your data center. Tape is usually used because it’s fast and relatively automatic. But, it is not archival media. Archiving means you will copy data to media that will last for over 20 years. Optical discs are the only media that is rated for this long term storage. Experts agree that optical media is the most rugged and reliable backup media available. Its archival life is measured in decades — not just years.

WORM (Write Once Read Many) is Non-erasable, non-rewritable optical media that can be stored off-site. This is a critical specification for publicly-held corporations, healthcare, brokerage and financial institutions and others who must meet the strict email, data and document retention requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley, SEC 17-a, HIPAA and a host of other government regulations.

WORM technology is also highly desirable for any organization that needs to be able to quickly and reliably retrieve data and files of all types without overburdening primary storage devices or media. In this case, Jukeboxes or libraries are used. Not only can they be used to archive your data, they can also be used to easily retrieve the stored data.

Archiving Appliances
There are number of different systems available that provide automatic data archiving. For example, the ArcEmail Archiving Appliance makes it easy to archive Microsoft Data Exchange E-mails. The ArcBackup appliance archives your general computer data to optical discs, and the ArcPoint archiving system adds more sophisticated rules for transferring data to optical discs.
Here’s a summary of the systems available:

E-mail Archiving
The ArcEmail Archiving Appliance backs up and quickly recovers all e-mails that are sent, received or deleted through Microsoft Exchange, including attachments. It operates unobtrusively in the background of your Exchange server, reliably backing up all emails on optical media. The discs can be kept save and then recovered easily when needed.

The system writes to DVD discs and then prints a label on the disc so you can find it. When you need to recover emails from any mailbox for any date range the system finds them on the appropriate backup discs and restores them automatically.

The system provides the following functions:

Provides an E-mail Archive Appliance for Microsoft Exchange

Automatically archives to DVD optical media

Uses Write Once Read Mostly (WORM) media that prevents overwriting and lost data

Has a 25 Disc capacity

Allows you to Archive over 100GB per set of discs

Automatically labels discs

Provides easy retrieval

Connects to your PC through USB 2.0 port

Includes EMC® Retrospect® for Windows

Data Archiving Appliance
The ArcBackup archiving appliance is a simple device that transfers data to a set of DVD discs. The data set is very much like a tape backup except the data is written to optical media. The discs are labeled so they can be stored off-line and retrieved when necessary. The set of data on the discs can be recovered by placing them back on the input spindles and running the recovery software. With this system you can:

Schedule backups

Creates a backup set of discs

Compresses files

Easily restore the data

Supports disc spanning: Large backups will be automatically split to several parts and stored on several disks

Print labels

Supports encryption for added security

There are currently two models to choose from. The 25 disc and the 300 disc units provide a range of capability.

Hierarchical Data Archiving Appliance
The ArcPoint appliance is a more sophisticated version of the ArcBackup appliance. It uses the same type of duplication mechanism, but the PoINT Archiver software provides much more functionality.

ArcPoint includes a Windows Server application providing a secure and cost effective process to identify, monitor and archive relevant data in a network. It provides a central “console” from which you can manage the archival of data throughout the network. Archiver periodically monitors network folders and copies or moves files to removable optical media according to Administrator defined filters. Additionally, criteria can be defined to identify and archive multiple versions of the same named file.
Point Archiver provides the security and authenticity of information which is required to fulfill the constantly rising number of compliance regulations. Archive jobs monitor existing data folders and files. An intuitive Wizard interface provides step by step procedures which allow the administrator to specify:
* Name for the Archive
* Media type and Target Device
* Data source folders, files & extensions
* Archiving conditions
* Migration Rules

Data and E-Mail Archiving Appliances

2007-01-31T12:13:00.000-05:00

Here’s a completely new technology we just started to work with. It solves one of the major problems in trying to conform to the new regulations about data storage.

So you are being dragged kicking and screaming to archive your e-mails and data. What can you do that doesn't cost an arm and a leg? Well, there are some new systems available that make it real easy to get the job done as well as being economical. The Archiving Appliances take advantage of the same robotic mechanisms used in automatic duplicators. With these systems you can archive e-mail data or general data to a stack of discs. This is a batch process where a set of blank discs are placed on a spindle and written one-at-a-time and placed on an output spindle. The discs are stored off-line and can be accessed by reading them back in using the same mechanism. The jukebox or Library systems are more complex and are the only devices that provide easy on-line retrieval of the discs.

The Difference between Backing up and archiving

Most people can’t recover emails from even a year or two ago. Why? Because even if system backups are being performed, emails are often deleted from servers during routine tape rotations. Tape can also break, wear out and become demagnetized. But what happens when some of those emails or files are needed in a lawsuit? Or what if a regulatory agency asks for specific emails and you can’t produce them? The liabilities to an organization can be substantial.

Tape backups are relatively short term storage of data. It protects your data from inadvertent erasures, system crashes that destroy the data or catastrophes that damage your data center. Tape is usually used because it’s fast and relatively automatic. It is not archive media. Archiving means you will copy data to archival media that will last for over 20 years. Optical discs are the only media that is rated for this long term storage.

WORM (Write Once Read Many) is Non-erasable, non-rewritable optical media that can be stored off-site. This is a critical specification for publicly-held corporations, healthcare, brokerage and financial institutions and others who must meet the strict email, data and document retention requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley, SEC 17-a, HIPAA and a host of other government regulations.

WORM technology is also highly desirable for any organization that needs to be able to quickly and reliably retrieve data and files of all types without overburdening primary storage devices or media. Jukeboxes or libraries are used for easy retrieval. Experts agree that optical media is the most rugged and reliable backup media available. Its archival life is measured in decades — not just years.

I will post some more details in a few days. If you need some more information check our web site. or just contact us using our form

Power over Ethernet for IP Cameras

2007-01-16T12:49:00.000-05:00

You would think it was simple, but it's not. There's more to Power over Ethernet (or PoE) then meets the eye. Just so we are all on the same page, PoE is a way of providing power to a device on the network. For example an IP camera that connects to the network can be powered over the same cable that is used to provide network data. The power is provided using extra unused wires in the network cable. If a camera conforms to the IEEE 802.3af standard, PoE is easy, but if it doesn't things can get complicated. Many cameras whether they conform to the PoE standard or not can be powered over Ethernet.
Here's how to do it.

Power Requirements depend on the camera

In all cases, power (that's voltage and current) is sent over the extra network wires. The wires are not very heavy (gauge) so they limit the power available at the device. The way the power gets to the wire and the way it gets to the camera can vary. Not all cameras use the same voltage. Some use 5VDC, other 12VDC or even 24VAC. As I mentioned, there is also an IEEE 802.3af standard that defines the PoE voltage and current. Many new cameras conform to this standard, while many older cameras have an external connector where power can be plugged in. Cameras that are compatible with IEEE 802.3 can get their power through the RJ45 network connection.

The power required by the camera system determines if PoE can be used

Most IP cameras can use PoE, but there are some cameras that require too much current and can't be powered over Ethernet. PTZ cameras require the most current because their little motors use a lot of power. For example, the Axis 214PTZ and Axis213PTZ can be powered. Since they require more current they require a higher powered midspan. On the other hand the Axis 231D and Axis232D+ can not be powered with PoE because they exceed the current that can be carried over the Ethernet wires.

PoE is great for indoor applications. It allows you to use a single cable to connect the camera, which greatly simplifies the installation. When the camera is used outdoors in an environmental enclosure and a heater and blower is required, you can't use PoE to power the enclosure because it requires too much power. Installation is still fairly simple because you can use the same power that goes to the heater and blower to power the camera.

If you plan to use a wireless camera, obviously you can't use PoE. I mention this only because we have actually been asked this question.

Power over Ethernet Solutions

Here are some details on how power is provided over Ethernet. Power is inserted to the network wire going to the camera using a powered network switch or a midspan (or power injector).

The power is connected to the camera either through the RJ45 network cable connection or using a special splitter that provides power to an external power connector on the camera.

Here are the solutions available:

Solution 1A: When you have an IEEE 802.3af compliant network camera you can use a PoE-enabled switch to provide the power. The camera uses the standard 48VDC power and uses the power from the RJ45 cable connection.

Solution 1B: If you have a IEEE 802.3af compliant network camera but do not have a powered network switch, you can add a midspan or power injector that complies with the standard. It's placed between the standard switch and the camera. Again the camera doesn't require any splitter because it uses the standard 48VDC power from the network connector.

If the camera is not compatible with IEEE802.3af standard, you will require a splitter at the camera side. An active splitter can be used to convert the voltage from the voltage injected (could be 12VDC or 24VAC or 48VDC) to the right voltage for the camera. If you have a powered switch that conforms to the standard, the splitter will convert the voltage from 48VDC to 12VDC or 5VDC (depending on the splitter). You need to select the right splitter for the camera so that you get the right amount of voltage and current as well as the right connector.

There are two solutions available:

Solution 2A: When you have a Network camera that does not conform to the IEEE802.3af PoE standard and you have a PoE-enabled switch, you will need to add an active splitter that supports the standard power. The splitter has to be matched to the camera.

Solution 2B: When you have a Network camera that does not conform to the IEEE802.3af PoE standard, and have a standard (non-powered) network switch, you will require a midspan or power injector and an active splitter. In this configuration the midspan or injector could provide IEEE standard power or non-standard power (24VAC for example). As long as the splitter is compatible with the midspan and camera, it will work.

If you still have questions about PoE or need help selecting the right camera system, just go to my web site or contact me.

Power over Ethernet

2007-01-12T17:41:00.000-05:00

The other day I was asked about powering an IP camera over Ethernet. It turns out to be a bit confusing so I thought it would be helpful to write this down and un-confuse it.

First of all there are many different types of IP cameras. Some of the new cameras conform to the IEEE standard, but many of the older cameras have unique voltage and current requirements.

In some cases the camera manufacturer will recommend and even provide a Power over Ethernet (PoE) solution. For example Axis and Sony make it easy because they have a solution for many of their cameras. When the camera manufacturer doesn't suggest anything, you have to do some investigation.

I'm still working on the details and will get back with more information after the weekend.

How to Select the Light Sensitivity of the IP Camera

2007-01-03T11:24:00.000-05:00

It is important to know the complete light range that is required for your cameras. You may have some cameras that will be used in dark areas and some others that will be in well lit areas. If necessary, you can select a different camera for each location. Not only do you need to know how dark it gets, you also want to know if you will have a problem with sunlight shining into the lens in the morning or evening. This can affect where you will place the camera. The minimum light sensitivity is important if you plan to use the cameras at night.

Go to all the camera locations during the night and see what type of lighting is available (if any).
During the day make sure the camera is not pointing into the rising or setting sun.
At night determine how much light is available at the location.

Lux is the measure of brightness. To get some idea of the lux value, consider that 1 lux is about the light from a full moon. If the light is less than this, you will require a more sensitive camera (costs more). If the light is more than this you can save money. Take a look at the Kintronics web site for more information about the cameras available.

Selecting the lens for your IP Camera

2006-12-27T20:50:00.000-05:00

How to Select the Lens
Go to each location you want to view with your surveillance cameras. Bring your digital camera to each of the locations. If you don't have a digital camera this is a good excuse to get one. The camera should have a zoom lens that has mm markings on the lens so you can record the right mm for the lens.

Again, decide where you would like to place the camera. Place the digital camera as close as you can to the planned location of the video camera. Take a picture of the view you would like. This is will define your field of view. Record the lens position (so you can later select a similar mm lens). Measure how far away the camera is from the field of view at each location. Record how wide an area you would like to view. This should be determined by the picture you took using the digital camera. The distance to the area and the width of the area define the lens. You can use the lens calculator at http://www.kintronics.com/iqinvision/lenscalculator.htm to determine the lens mm.

If you decided that you need a PTZ camera, you can still use the lens calculator to determine if the zoom lens is within the range you need. For example some cameras have a 10X zoom (4.2 – 42mm) and some have over 22X (3.9 – 85.4mm). Use the lens calculator to see if the area you want to see fits in the range of the camera you select.

You can find a lot more information about cameras and lenses at the kintronics web site

How to select the right IP camera

2006-12-24T14:38:00.001-05:00

How to select the type of camera
Should you get a fixed position camera or a Pan, Tilt, Zoom (PTZ) camera? Go to each of the locations where you would like to install a camera and take a look at the area you would like to view.

Now let’s see what the camera will see. This is where your digital camera can be helpful. Hopefully you have one, but if not, this is a good excuse to get one. Decide on where you would like to place the camera, for example on a building or on a light pole, etc. Try and approximate the location of the video camera and then use your digital camera to view the area you want to view.

If you have to move the camera right and left to see everything, then you probably need a Pan, Tilt, Zoom (PTZ). If you have to move the camera only a short distance then maybe you can use a high resolution camera with a wide angle lens. If you can see everything with the camera in one position then a fixed camera will work.

Selecting the right resolution for your IP camera

2006-12-21T19:00:00.000-05:00

So you have decided to install a surveillance system at your site. It may have been that the bad guys are breaking into cars in the parking lot or someone is helping themselves to equipment or products in the warehouse – for whatever reason you need to see what’s happening. Now what do you do next? How do you determine exactly what you need? It’s time to do the site survey. Here’s what you do:

How to Select the Resolution you will need
The resolution defines the detail that you will see. I have talked to a number of people who have video surveillance camera systems and find that the video that they stored is not clear enough to make out a person’s face. This is because they don’t have enough resolution. Now resolution is not only determined by the camera so be careful here. Sometimes you may get a good resolution camera, but then the resolution is lost when it’s stored in the recorder. A typical problem is that video is compressed so you can store many days in the recorder. Compression increases the amount of video you can store but decreases the resolution.

Resolution is important if you are trying to view a person’s face (or a license plate number) in a large area. This is especially true if the object you are trying to view takes up a small part of the overall picture. The wider the area you want to view the more resolution you need to see all the detail.

There was a study done by the US government that determined that you need 50 pixels per foot to identify a person’s face or read a license plate number. So if you have a 700 x 480 pixel camera it can view an area that is 14 feet wide (700 pixels/50 = 14). If you want to view a larger area, you need more pixels (higher resolution). A camera with a resolution of 1600 x 1200 can view an area that's about 32 feet wide. Take a look at http://www.kintronics.com/iqinvision/IQe3spec.htm for examples of high resolution IP cameras.

NVR software manages the IP cameras

2006-12-11T14:40:00.000-05:00

Why do I need software with my IP camera? All I need is a web browser to view IP network cameras on my PC. I can even control a PTZ camera. Well yes, but surveillance usually requires more than just real-time viewing, you also need to store the video, view multiple cameras, be notified about alarms, etc.

IP video software is the glue that holds a surveillance system together. It displays all your cameras, stores the video and provides real surveillance functions. It makes it easy to view a specific camera, to find the stored video by camera, data and time, and does many other things. There are many choices of IP software available. The one that is best depends not only on what you need to do, but also reliability (it doesn’t crash), usability (it’s easy to use) and efficiency (it doesn’t require many computers to work). There are a number of different types of software available. We have tried a number of them and I can tell you that reliability is probably the most important feature. If it crashes at the wrong time you can lose all that important video. Take a look at Video management software for software that survived our testing.

2006-12-08T13:08:00.000-05:00

IP network cameras, in conjunction with IP software systems, can offer much more than CCTV solutions. IP Network video solutions also have advantages over PC-based Web cams. Some of the benefits are briefly outlined below.
Image quality: Image quality is one of the key aspects of IP network video products. IP cameras provide much greater resolution than the analog CCTV cameras. For example, the IQ702 camera has a 2 Mega pixel sensor and provides a resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels.

There is also a choice of compression schemes used. For example, Axis provides a range of video compression standards (Motion JPEG, MPEG-4 or MPEG-2) for users to choose from. In many network video products, both Motion JPEG and MPEG-4 are supported simultaneously. This enables you, for example, to view at full frame rate with MPEG-4 and record at the same time with Motion JPEG, allowing for optimization in image quality and bandwidth. Read more on image quality or compression standards.

IP Cameras are Great

2006-12-06T14:33:00.000-05:00

The video surveillance industry has changed a lot over the last few years. I know because I've been around for few years. I actually started out life as an engineer and developed some of the first digitized video systems. This was back in those historic days of 1970's. We used CCTV cameras with vidicon sensors, analog to digital converters, and digital logic (no computers) to detect motion. What fun!

In the last 5 years I have gotten more involved in network attached camera systems or IP camera systems. This is quite a change from those old CCTV analog surveillance systems. Actually they are still around. Why have IP cameras become so popular? It’s because of the improved flexibility and ease of installation provided by this new technology. More importantly, it’s more cost effective. The latest IP solutions even include intelligent video processing that can track objects. Nowadays I don't have to worry about the hardware; it's all software now.

These network attached video solutions enable us to remotely and cost-effectively monitor and secure people, property and industrial processes. You can even use it to conduct remote classes, establish remote troubleshooting sessions, or broadcast sights and sounds on a Web site. Your network video system can be as simple or as sophisticated as you want it to be.

One of the major differences between the older CCTV surveillance systems and the new IP systems is the distance between camera and monitoring station and the ease of access to the video. Analog systems are restricted by the coax cabling systems, IP cameras are as boundless as the Internet.

More about this later. If you have any questions or like to add to this commentary you can contact me at bobmesnik at yahoo . com.